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241 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When you check overrun, you are checking...
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the weight of ice cream
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What is the process by which the water content of a vegetable is replaced by a concentrated salt solution?
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diffusion
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Which recipe ingredient should be adjusted if a cake has a crunchy crust and compact moist texture?
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sugar
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Why do egg whites beat more easily at room temperature?
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the surface tension is lower
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Which pigment does not change color in an acid or alkaline solution?
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carotene
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The end products of cellular oxidation are
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water, carbon dioxide and energy
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Carbohydrates listed in order of decreasing sweetness are
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Fructose, sucrose, glucose and sorbitol
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The flakiness of pie crust depends on
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the type of fat
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A group of rats being fed gelatin as the sole protein source are not growing well. What is the likely reason?
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gelatin has no tryptophan and is low in methionine and lysine
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A #10 can holds how many cups of product?
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13
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If you replace half and half with whipping cream in ice cream, the effects on the ice crystals will be
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a decrease in size because there is more fat
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Research has shown that neural tube defects can be reduced with proper supplementation of
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folic acid
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The best laboratory value when assessing iron status is
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ferritin
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What is the best flour when making cakes?
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All purpose flour
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Where is lactose absorbed?
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Small intestine
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Considering the following smoke points of various fats, which would be the best to use for frying?
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400F
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Which minerals are involved in carbohydrate metabolism?
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chromium and zinc
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Acidic chyme becomes neutralized in the duodenum by
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mixing with bicarbonate and fluids
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The colon functions in the absorption of
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water, salts, vitamin K, thiamin and riboflavin
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To prevent frozen gravy from separating when thawed
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prepare it with modified starch
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How much fluid is lost through insensible losses
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1 liter
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An amino acid that cannot be produced by the body is
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tryptophan
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The following is a irreversible reaction
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pyruvic acid into acetyl CoA
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Riboflavin, thiamin and niacin are all involved in the
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metabolism of carbohydrate
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An increased plasma pyruvate level is an indication of
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thiamin deficiency
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Which of the following stabilizes an egg white foam?
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An acid
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Winterized oil is
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clear when refrigerated
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What may cause EKG abnormalities?
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high serum potassium levels
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In the fed state, the brain uses which nutrient as a source of energy?
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Glucose
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In the starved state, the brain uses which nutrient as an energy source?
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Ketone bodies
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Gluconeogenesis is
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creation of glucose from glycerol and amino acids
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Glycolysis is the
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catabolism(breakdown) of carbohydrate
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Glycogenolysis is the
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breakdown of glycogen releasing glucose
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The end product of aerobic glycolysis is
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pyruvic acid
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Protein bound iodine measures
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level of thyroxine being produced
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The hormone epinephrine
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raises blood glucose during catabolic stress
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A provitamin is
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a nutrient that can be converted into a vitamin
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The formula for producing the active form of vitamin D is
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7 dehydrocholesterol converting into cholecalciferol
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In the human, vitamin K is affected by
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anticoagulants and antibiotics
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Which hormone regulates calcium levels?
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Parathyroid
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Pyridoxine acts as a coenzyme in
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deamination and transamination (make and breakdown)
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Which vitamins are synthesized by intestinal bacteria?
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biotin, pantothenic acid and vitamin K
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Ascorbic acid aids in healing. What is the conversion that applies to this?
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proline-->hydroxyproline--> collagen
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Biotin is considered a coenzyme in the synthesis of
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fatty acids
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Food iron is in the _____ form
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ferric
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Food iron is reduced in the stomach to the more absorbable form of
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ferrous
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Which foods would aid in the absorption of an iron supplement?
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Orange juice and hamburger
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Bile is produced in the ___ and stored in the ___
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liver, gallbladder
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Cholycystokinin causes
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contraction of the gallbladder
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Which enzymes are involved in protein digestion?
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pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase
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Protein digestion begins in the
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stomach
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Lactase is produced in the
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small intestine
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Which enzymes are secreted by the pancreas?
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amylase, lipase, cholesterol esterase, trypsin and chymotrypsin
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Which conversion requires glucose-6-phosphatase?
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liver glycogen into glucose
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NADPH is
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essential in the synthesis of fatty acids
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What vitamins are required for the conversation of pyruvic acid into active acetate?
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thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid and NAD
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Which vitamin acts as a coenzyme in transamination?
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pyridoxine
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Glucocorticoids are
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adrenal hormones
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Glucocorticoids convert...
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protein to glucose
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Fats enter the blood as ____ and leave the liver as _____
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chylomicrons, lipoproteins
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The oxidation of fatty acids forms
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acetyl CoA
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Pantothenic acid, thiamin, riboflavin and niacin are all involved in converting...
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pyruvate into acetyl CoA
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What side effect can be reversed with vitamin A?
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Nyctalopia
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Fresh meat contamination comes mainly from
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salmonella
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Which amino acids must be present in a parenteral solution?
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Tryptophan, phenylalanine, threonine and isoleucine
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Iron absorption is enhanced by
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acidic chyme in the duodenum
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What inhibits gluconeogenesis?
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Insulin
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Which food has the lowest cholesterol content?
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Peanut butter and crackers
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What is the difference between cake flour and bread flour?
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Cake flour has less gluten, weaker gluten and less protein
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Vitamin A is involved in
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development of tissue and skin
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A patient with metabolic alkalosis would have
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retention of base by the kidneys
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Which foods should be washed just before serving?
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Strawberries and mushrooms
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Which government agency inspects and grades meat?
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USDA
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If linoleic acid replaces CHO in the diet
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LDL decreases and HDL increases
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____ is not absorbed directly into the portal blood
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long chained fatty acids
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When substituting buttermilk for whole milk in pastry
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Increase the baking soda
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Ground meat will spoil faster than sliced meat because
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more surface area is exposed
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Evaporated milk has
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slightly more than half the fat removed
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Ketones are mostly associated with
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fats
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Which best describes sorbitol and glucose
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Sorbitol is absorbed more slowly
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What causes egg yolk color to change?
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Alteration of the feed provided
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Which data is needed to convert weight into volume?
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specific gravity
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The tartness in fruits and vegetables is due to
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tannins
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When a white sauce tastes starchy and grainy, the likely cause is
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uncooked flour
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The scientific process by which water makes lettuce crisp is
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osmotic pressure of water filled vacuoles
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Four hours after eating you develop nausea and diarrhea but no fever...the cause may be...
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staphyloccocus aureus
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Which hormone greatly influences the BMR?
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Thyroxine
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If linoleic acid replaces saturated fat in the diet
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total cholesterol including HDL decrease
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Which oil is highest in monounsaturated fatty acids?
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Olive
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Which oil is highest in saturated fat?
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Coconut
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What may result in metabolic acidosis?
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decreased retention of bicarbonate
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A high protein diet increases the need for
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riboflavin and water
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Dry heat cookery should be used for which cut of meat?
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Near the backbone
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What color do onions turn when cooked in an aluminum pan?
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Yellow
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Which cooking method would best convert collagen to gelatin in a bottom round roast?
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Braising
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Which method of bread making is not as dependent on the length of time the dough sits to rise?
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Continuous method
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Which nutrient is added for flour enrichment?
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Iron
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What does the term USDA graded on meat tell the consumer?
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It defines quality
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A cake with a fallen center may be the result of
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excess sugar and excess fat
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Which of the following has the least amount of saturated fat?
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Evaporated skim milk
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Coarse texture in a cake is due to
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too much baking powder or sugar
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Nitrogen equilibrium is associated with a
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25 year old male
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Childrens diets are found to be low in iron due to emphasis on
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milk
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Which mineral is involved in blood clotting?
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Calcium
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Which of the following is true regarding flour?
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Cake flour has the least and weakest gluten
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The main function of glycolysis is to provide
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pyruvate for the TCA cycle
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Food service employees should wash their hands for at least
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20 seconds
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Metabolites for the Krebs cycle
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water, energy, carbon dioxide
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Meat graded US Standard is the grade given at the
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time of slaughter
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A cake with a fallen center may be the result of
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excess sugar and excess fat
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Which of the following has the least amount of saturated fat?
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evaporated skim milk
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Coarse texture in a cake is due to
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too much baking powder or sugar
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Nitrogen equilibrium is associated
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a 25 year old male
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Children's diets are found to be low in iron due to emphasis on
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milk
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Meat graded US standard is the grade given at the time of
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slaughter
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Which of the following substitutions will most decrease the sodium content of a biscuit? 1. Low sodium milk
2. Egg substitute for egg 3. Low sodium baking powder for baking powder |
1 and 3
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What pasta contains egg?
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noodles
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A patient who is iron deficient should consume ___with a good iron source
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orange juice
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A serum sodium level of 150 mEq/L indicates
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dehydration
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Cabbage should be cooked in a ___quantity of water
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large
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To decrease sodium intake, substitute
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unsalted margarine for regular margarine
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Apples stored in a controlled environment would
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have extended life and improved marketing quality
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What oils can be winterized?
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Corn, Soy and Cottonseed
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What fruits would you give a person who is mildly hypokalemic?
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1 piece of cantaloupe
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A serum sodium level of 150 mEq/L is a sign of
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hypernatremia (high sodium levels in the blood), dehydration
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To increase potassium intake, consume a snack of
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a grilled cheese and tomato sandwich and strawberries
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If protein intake is doubled, which nutrient needs to be increased?
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Pyridoxine (B6)
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Illness due to Bacillus cereus is due to contaminated
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rice products and starchy foods
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The Cori Cycle converts
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lactate into pyruvate
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Fats high in monounsaturated fatty acids include
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olive and canola oils
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Fats high in polyunsaturated fatty acids include
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safflower and corn oils
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Green beans cooked in tomato sauce turn ___ due to___
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olive green due to pheophytin
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If you are on a low phosphorus diet, what food should you most avoid?
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Beef
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A 5 month old is diagnosed with salmonella, what is likely the cause?
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Table food
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An 8 month old baby contracts botulism, what is the likely cause?
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cereal and honey
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Which is the best source of emulsification?
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Eggs
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The kidneys respond to respiratory acidosis by
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increasing the retention of bicarbonate
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A serum sodium level of 150 mEq/L may be due to
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an increased level of aldosterone
this level also indicates dehydration |
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Green peas held on the serving line may turn olive green due to
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pheophytin
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In cereal production, enrichment adds
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iron
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cured meat is pink due to
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nitrites
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A serum sodium level of 115 mEq/L may be due to
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overhydration
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Butter has fatty acids in this order of predominance
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SAT, MUFA and PUFA
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Margarine has fatty acids in this order of predominance
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PUFA, MUFA and SAT
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Lactic acid is produced by
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glycolysis
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Which of the following amino acids is a precursor for seratonin
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Tryptophan
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When on Dicumarol, avoid increasing your intake of
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Spinach
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Food was held at 70F for a long time in anaerobic conditions. Eight hours after eating it you become ill. What is the culprit?
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Clostridium perfringens
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Energy expenditure of humans can be measured by
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oxygen consumption
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Gastric proteolysis requires
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hydrochloric acid
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Patients with early signs of xerophthalmia should consume
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liver, milk and eggs
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Sorbitol is ___than sucrose
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less sweet and has a lower glycemic index
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Which mineral is absorbed through the intestine and transported with ceruloplasmin in the blood?
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Copper
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The Schilling test detects defects in the absorption of
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Cyanocobalamin (B12)
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Which of the following should be avoided on a low sodium diet?
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Turkey roll
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What is the effect of excess caffeine intake?
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insomnia
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The toxic level of Vitamin A has been identified as
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10000 IU
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The best way to prevent the spread of food borne illness is to
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wash hands regularly
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The amino acid tryptophan can be converted into
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serotonin
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A muffin has long tunnels from top to bottom. Next time you make this recipe you should
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avoid overmixing the batter
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Prevention of an outbreak of Listeria monocytogenes requires special care because of
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its ability to grow at temps of 34-113F
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Phenylalanine is a precursor for
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Tyrosine
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A cutting board is used to cut up raw chicken Then it was used to cut up raw vegetables. Guests eating the meal likely became ill from
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Salmonella
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Decreased levels of seratonin are associated with
|
increase in CHO appetite
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Carbohydrate, fat and protein are all converted into
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acetyl CoA
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If energy needs increase, which vitamins are needed in higher amounts?
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thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid
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How many mEq of sodium are in one gram of sodium?
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43
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How can you preserve thiamin when cooking pork?
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insert a meat thermometer and cook it to 160F in an oven at 325F
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A good source of Vitamin A for pre school children would be
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cantelope pieces
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Which amino acid is especially glucogenic?
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Alanine
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If CHO intake is increased, which vitamin needs to be increased?
|
Thiamin
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The rate of oxidation of which branch chained amino acid increases significantly during moderate exercise?
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Leucine
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What should you do with leftover sliced beef from lunch?
|
Refrigerate immediately and serve within two days
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A food is bacteria safe if it is
|
acidic and dry
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French fries made from stored potatoes would have changes in 1. Taste
2. Texture 3. Appearance |
1, 2 and 3
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What percent of protein and fat converts to glucose?
|
58% protein, 10% fat
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Excess amounts of zinc may lead to a deficiency of
|
copper
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When adding bran to a flour mixture, you should increase ___
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the flour and the liquid
|
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Glycerol, amino acids and free fatty acids will have what effect on the hypothalamus gland?
|
Decrease in satiety
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What is a digestive enzyme secreted by the pancreas?
|
Amylase
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Clostridium perfringens is often found in
|
meat and gravy mixtures in large quantities
|
|
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Salmonella sources are often
|
raw produce and uncooked foods of animal origin
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What must be fortified with folic acid?
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Cornmeal
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Pie crust is moist the day after cooking...why?
|
Retrogradation of the filling
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What is the main purpose of water in the body?
|
Acts as a medium for cell metabolism
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What is fluid seeping from a congealed product called?
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Syneresis
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What food would be a common cause of salmonella in a salad bar?
|
Egg salad
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Which food borne pathogen would most likely contaminate cooked rice or pasta in open pans at room temperature?
|
Bacillus cereus
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|
|
Frozen chicken has been thawed in warm water, you should
|
discard it
|
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When substituting butter for lard in pastry...use more or less?
|
use more
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|
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The purpose of an emulsifier in margarine is to
|
keep water and fat from separating
|
|
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What must be reduced to simpler components before it can be transported across the epithelial cells of the intestine?
|
Whey
|
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Adding bran to a bread recipe will
|
decrease the volume
|
|
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An angel food cake is made without cream of tartar, what is the result?
|
A yellowy cake
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All baking powders contain
|
sodium bicarbonate
|
|
|
Beef bottom round should be cooked
|
in water for an extended time
|
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Which of the following combines with CoA in two carbon fragments to make acetyl CoA to then enter the Krebs cycle to make energy?
|
Fatty acids
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|
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What is the best way to cook a roast?
|
slowly in the oven at 325 F
|
|
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What meat has the most bacteria?
|
ground beef
|
|
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What is the product of pyruvate breakdown?
|
acetyl CoA
|
|
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True or false...fructose is sweeter than glucose
|
True
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True or false...glucose is less sweet than sucrose
|
True
|
|
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What is the grade for fresh produce?
|
US No.1
|
|
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What gives structure to quick breads?
|
Egg and flour
|
|
|
When taking an anticoagulant, avoid
|
Vitamin E supplements above 400 IU a day
|
|
|
What is the function of cream of tartar in a recipe?
|
Prevents the Maillard reaction (browning)
|
|
|
The flour with the most starch is
|
cake
|
|
|
Salmonella contamination in a foodservice can be best controlled by focusing on
|
sanitizing of the meat slicer
|
|
|
Homemade rolls are crumbly and fall apart easily. The most likely cause of the poor texture in the yeast bread is
|
use of a lower protein flour
|
|
|
According to Chinese beliefs, foods and herbs that may be used to treat illnesses are grouped as
|
yin (dark and cold) and yang (bright and hot)
|
|
|
A commercial muffin mix is described as a "rich formula" which means it contains high proportions of
|
sugar and shortening
|
|
|
The greatest effect on the yield of meat cooked to a uniform internal temperature is produced by the
|
cooking time and oven temperature
|
|
|
The most likely source of clostridium perfringens is
|
meat
|
|
|
What stabilizes egg in a recipe
|
an acid
|
|
|
A natural plant hormone that is used to ripen fruits is
|
ethylene
|
|
|
Aseptically packaged milk should be stored
|
in dry storage
|
|
|
Which of the following has a slow onset and is anaerobic?
|
Clostridium botulinum
|
|
|
A frozen meal contains steak, mashed potatoes, BHA, BHT and TVP, the TVP is used to
|
retain water and add protein
|
|
|
If broccoli in a vegetable mixture turns olive green during holding it may be due to what juice?
|
lemon juice
|
|
|
In the alanine cycle, alanine is released from muscle, taken up from the liver and
|
deaminated to release glucose
|
|
|
In the Cori cycle, lactate is converted into
|
pyruvate
|
|
|
Normal saline has ___ mEq sodium/L
|
154
|
|
|
An amylase deficiency would result in
|
decreased glycolysis
|
|
|
Fresh eggs in the shell can be stored in a refrigerator at 40 degrees for
|
3 weeks
|
|
|
Trypsin and chymotrypsin are
|
pancreatic enzymes that provide proteolytic action
|
|
|
Acid-base abnormalities in an uncontrolled diabetic are likely due to
|
metabolic acidosis
|
|
|
A patient's nitrogen balance study showed he consumed 10 grams of protein and released 6 grams of nitrogen in the urine. This is
|
Negative nitrogen balance
|
|
|
Kidneys help control pH by
|
controlling the ratio of hydrogen ions to bicarbonate excretion
|
|
|
Pernicious anemia is likely to occur following a
|
gastrectomy
|
|
|
When someone loses fluid through their lungs and skin, this is called
|
total insensible fluid loss
|
|
|
Which pigment can be converted into a vitamin?
|
carotenoids
|
|
|
The amount of ceruloplasmin is affected by what disease?
|
Wilsons disease
|
|
|
An edematous person may actually be dehydrated because
|
fluid is retained extracellularly
|
|
|
What usually occurs when iso-caloric amounts of omega three fatty acids are substituted for saturated fatty acids?
|
decreased triglycerides, little change in total cholesterol
|
|
|
When substituted for saturated fats in the diet, which of the following oils will likely lower total cholesterol but also lower HDL cholesterol?
|
Safflower oil
|
|
|
You are a Food Service Dietitian and would like to make lower fat brownies. What is the best way to cut the fat?
|
Use prune puree in place of half the fat
|
|
|
You want to keep lemon meringue pie at its peak. What should you do?
|
Keep the pie refrigerated
|
|
|
A child is lethargic and irritable with diarrhea. The cause may be
|
lead poisoning
|
|
|
A child is at the 95th percentile BMI for his age. He is
|
obese
|
|
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A child is at 85th percentile. He is
|
overweight
|
|
|
How many calories are needed by a full term infant weighing 11 pounds at 3 months of age?
|
around 540
|
