Dna, Rna, And Protein Synthesis

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Nucleotide

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In a nucleic-acid chain, a sub-unit that consists of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base

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Deoxyribose

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A five-carbon sugar that is a component of DNA nucleotides.

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Nitrogenous Base

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An organic base that contains nitrogen, such as purine or pyrimidine, a subunit of a nucleotide in DNA and RNA

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Purine

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A nitrogenous base that has a double-ring structure; one of the general categories of nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA; either adenine or guanine.

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Pyrimidine

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A nitrogenous base that has a single-ring structure one of the two general categories of nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA; thymine, cytosine, or uracil

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Base-pairing Rules

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the rules stating that cytosine pairs with guanine and adenine pairs with thymine in DNA, and that adenine pairs with uracil in RNA.

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Complementary Base Pair

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The nucleotide bases in one strand of DNA or RNA that are paired with those of another strand; adenine pairs with thymine or uracil, and guanine pairs with cytosine

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Base Sequence

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The order of nitrogenous bases on a chain of DNA

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DNA Replication

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The process of making a copy of DNA

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Helicase

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An enzyme that separates DNA strands

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Replication Fork

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A Y-shaped point that results when the two strands of a DNA double helix separate so that the DNA molecule can be replicated

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DNA Polymerase

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An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the DNA molecule

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Mutation

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A change in the nucleotide-base sequence of a gene or DNA molecule

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Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

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a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis

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Transcription

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the process of forming a nucleic acid by using another molecule as a template; particularly the process of synthesizing RNA by using one strand of a DNA molecule as a template

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Translation

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the portion of protein synthesis that takes place at ribosomes and that uses the codons in mRNA molecules to specify the sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chains

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Protein Synthesis

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the formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA

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Ribose

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a five-carbon sugar present in RNA

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Messenger RNA (mRNA)

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a single-stranded RNA molecule that encodes the information to make a protein

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RNA Polymerase

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an enzyme that starts (catalyzes) the formation of RNA by using a strand of a DNA molecule as a template

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Promoter

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a nucleotide sequence on a DNA molecule to which an RNA polymerase molecule binds, which initiates the transcription of a specific gene

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Termination Signal

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a specific sequence of nucleotides that marks the end of a gene

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Genetic Code

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the rule that describes how a sequence of nucleotides, read in groups of three consecutive nucleotides) triplets that corresponds to specific amino acids, specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein

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Codon

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in DNA, a three-nucleotide sequence that encodes an amino acid or signifies a start signal or a stop signal

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Anticodon

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a region of tRNA that consists of three bases complementary to the codon of mRNA

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Genome

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the complete genetic material contained in an individual