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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Interphase consists of what 3 stages? |
G1, S, G2 |
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What do the 3 Interphase stages consist of? G1-__________ S-__________ G2-__________ |
Pre replication DNA replication Post replication |
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Mitosis (M phase) consists of what 4 stages? |
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase |
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G1= __________ cell |
Normal cell |
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What binds to DNA and breaks H bonds between base pairs? |
Initiator proteins |
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Initiator proteins start replication in __________ rich regions. |
A-T |
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Opening of DNA attracts what? |
DNA polymerase |
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Replication occurs at __________. |
Replication forks |
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DNA polymerase uses semi conservative replication. What does this mean? |
Uses old strand as template for new strand New strains consist of one old side, one new side |
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Does DNA polymerase work in 5' to 3' direction or 3' to 5 direction? |
5' to 3' |
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__________ are the parts of DNA that have been transcribed in a nonconsecutive manor. |
Okazaki fragments |
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The leading strand is on the left or right side of fork? |
Left |
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Lagging strand is on left or right side of fork? |
Right |
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DNA Polymerase proofreads, how does it do this? |
Before adding the next nucleotide, it checks the previous nucleotide |
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DNA polymerase proofreading: If base is correctly paired -> __________ If base is incorrectly paired ->__________ |
Continues Clips off mismatched nucleotide; tries again |
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DNA polymerase has accurate __________ direction polymerization activity and __________ direction proofreading activity |
5'-3' 3' to 5' |
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Why does DNA polymerase read from 5' to 3'? |
Because there would be no energy to cleave off & replace mistaken nucleotides if it read 3' to 5' |
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DNA polymerase can only add a nucleotide to an existing strand, which comes from __________ |
Primase |
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Primase synthesizes short strands of __________ to serve as a primer for DNA synthesis. |
RNA |
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How long are Primers generally? |
Around 10 nucleotides long |
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Primer is present at each __________ and start of __________ |
Replication origin Okazaki fragment |
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What does: Nuclease do? Repair polymerase do? DNA ligase do? |
Destroys RNA primer Replaces RNA with DNA joins Okazaki fragments |
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What do these proteins do? Helicase - __________ Singled Strand binding protein- __________ Sliding Clamp-__________ Clamp Loader-__________ |
Helicase- pries apart double helix Singe Strand binding protein- keeps DNA strands from rejoining Sliding Clamp- keeps DNA polymerase attached to template Clamp loader- locks clamp around DNA |
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The Clamp Loader uses __________, and is used __________ for leading strand, __________ times for lagging strand. |
ATP Once Multiple |
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Polymerase Chain Reaction consists of what 3 steps? |
Denaturation Annealing Extension |
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What do the PCR steps do? Denaturation- __________ Annealing- __________ Extension-__________ |
Heat DNA to separate strands Cool DNA to attach primers Heat DNA to temperature polymerase works |
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What are telomeres? |
Special sequences at the end of the chromosomal DNA to lay down primer in order to not cut into DNA |
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How does Telomerase function? |
Adds nonsensical, short, repeating sequences at ends of chromosomes to lay down primer and to not cut into DNA |
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Prophase: What are condensins? |
proteins to help chromosomes condense |
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The __________ forms. This is made out of microtubules and extends from 2 __________, which move to opposite ends to form __________. |
Mitotic spindle Centrosomes Spindle poles |
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In "Prometaphase": The __________ is broken down into __________ Spindle microtubules attach to chromosomes at the __________ |
Nuclear Envelope Vesicles Centromere |
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What are kinetachores? |
proteins on each of of centromeres that bind spindle tubules |
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What happens in Metaphase? What is the metaphase plate? |
Chromosomes line up at equator of spindle Metaphase plate is the point halfway between spindle poles |
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What are cohensins? |
Protein complexes that bind together each sister chromatid after replication |
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Cohension linkages are destroyed by __________. This was held inactive by __________ until Anaphase. |
Separase Securin |
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What happens in Anaphase? Anaphase (A)- __________ Anaphase (B)- __________ |
sister chromatids pull to opposites poles of spindle A- Kinetachore microtubules shorten B- Spindle poles move apart |
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Telophase: __________ disassembles __________ reassembles __________ becomes normal __________ decondense |
Mitotic spindle Nuclear envelope Nucleus Chromosomes |
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What is cytokinesis? When does it happen? |
The process by which the cytoplasm forms 2 daughter cells Begins in anaphase; done in telophase |
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__________ is a transient structure composed of actin and myosin filaments that cause constriction. Occurs at __________ |
Contractile ring Metaphase plate |
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Cytokinesis is different in plants because a __________ forms at the metaphase plate area. Also does not have a __________ |
Cell Wall Contractile ring |
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G1 Checkpoint confirms? If NOT confirmed? |
Environment is favorable for proliferation Remain in G1 or go to G0 |
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What is G0? |
A cell that no longer replicates |
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G2 checkpoint confirms? If NOT confirmed? |
DNA replication is complete and DNA is not damaged Cell apoptosis= cell suicide |
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M checkpoint confirms? If NOT confirmed? |
Replicate chromosomes are properly attached to spindle Cell apoptosis= cell suicide |
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Checkpoints are managed by what 2 things? |
Cyclin and cyclin dependent kinases |
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Kinases do what again? |
Add a phosphate |
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What cdks (Cyclin dependent kinases)? |
Kinases that phosphorylate key proteins to control cell cycle |
