Dna And Protein Synthesis

Front 1

DNA replication

Back 1

process that DNA is copied, how cells repair DNA

Front 2

Hershey and Chase experiment

Back 2

tagged radioactive sulfur to proteins and radioactive phosphorus to DNA, phage proteins came out, DNA stayed inside

Front 3

transformation

Back 3

change in geno/phenotype from combo of external DNA

Front 4

Frederick Griffith experiment

Back 4

two strands of bacteria, heat-killed cells made nonpathogenic lives cells pathogenic

Front 5

bacteriophage

Back 5

viruses that eat bacteria

Front 6

virus

Back 6

DNA or RNA protected by protein coat

Front 7

Erwin Chargaff

Back 7

analyzed base composition of DNA

Front 8

Chargaff's rules

Back 8

1)base comp. varies between species

2) within species, the number of A&T are equal, the number of C&G are equal

Front 9

Rosalind Franklin

Back 9

worked with X-ray crystallography to discover structure of DNA

Front 10

Watson and Crick

Back 10

built double helix DNA models

Front 11

structure of DNA(running, lengths)

Back 11

antiparallel, full turn every 3.4 nm, nucleotides 0.34nm apart

Front 12

semiconservative model

Back 12

each strand of parent molecule serves as template strand for synthesis of new, complementary strand

Front 13

Meleson and Stahl experiment

Back 13

proved that semiconservative model is correct for DNA

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origins of replication

Back 14

short stretch of DNA that starts replication

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replication fork

Back 15

Y-shaped region where parent strands unwind

Front 16

helicase

Back 16

enzyme that separates parent strands

Front 17

single-strand binding proteins

Back 17

proteins that bind to unpaired DNA to keep from winding back together

Front 18

topoismerase

Back 18

relieves strain by breaking/rejoining DNA strands

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primer

Back 19

RNA chain that starts DNA synthesis; gives polymerase place to start

Front 20

primase

Back 20

enzyme that makes primers

Front 21

DNA pol I

Back 21

replaces RNA with DNA, adds to 3' end of strand

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DNA pol III

Back 22

adds DNA nucleotides

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leading strand

Back 23

replicates towards replication fork

Front 24

lagging strand

Back 24

replicates away from fork

Front 25

Okazaki fragments

Back 25

pieces of lagging strand(1000-2000 nucleotides long)

Front 26

DNA ligase

Back 26

bonds sugars and phosphates of Okazaki fragments into continuous strand

Front 27

phosphotase

Back 27

gives energy that gets rid of 2 phosphates

Front 28

ways to repair DNA(2), chp 16

Back 28

nucleotide excision repair

mismatch repair

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mismatch repair

Back 29

enzymes remove/replace incorrectly placed nucleotides

Front 30

nucleotide excision repair(steps)

Back 30

1) enzymes find bad DNA

2) nuclease cuts out damaged DNA

3)repair snthesis using DNA pol

4)ligase seals new end

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nuclease

Back 31

DNA-cutting enzyme

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telomere

Back 32

nucleotide sequence at the end of DNA molecules

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telomerase

Back 33

enzyme that catalyzes length of telomeres in eukaryotes

Front 34

histones

Back 34

proteins that pack DNA at lvl 1

Front 35

nucleosome and linker DNA

Back 35

basic unit of DNA, "string" that connects nuclesomes

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nucleoid

Back 36

dense region of DNA in bacteria

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chromatin

Back 37

complex of eukaryotic DNA and protein

Front 38

heterochromatin

Back 38

irregular clumps of chromosomes, highly condensed

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euchromatin

Back 39

less compact, more dispersed chromosome than...

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gene expression

Back 40

process by which DNA dictates synthesis of proteins; code for proteins; transcription + translation

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Archibald Garrod

Back 41

suggested that genes dictate phenotype through enzymes that catalyze specific reactions

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Beadle and Tatum experiment

Back 42

bombarded bread mold with X-rays

found mutants that differed for nutritional value

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Srb and Horowitz

Back 43

proved one gene-one enzyme hypothesis

Front 44

Beadle/Tatum idea restated

Back 44

one gene-one polypeptide

Front 45

transcription

Back 45

synthesis of RNA using info in DNA

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mRNA

Back 46

carries DNA info to protein-synthesizing part of cell; transcript of gene's coding instructions

Front 47

translation

Back 47

synthesis of polypeptide using info from mRNA

Front 48

ribosome

Back 48

site for polypeptide-making

Front 49

primary transcript

Back 49

initial RNA transcript, includes code that is not used in final protein

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pre-mRNA

Back 50

beginning of transcription of protein-coding genes

Front 51

template strand

Back 51

pattern for sequence of nucleotides in RNA transcript

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codon

Back 52

mRNA nucleotide triplet

Front 53

starting codon

Back 53

AUG, methionine

Front 54

stop codons(3)

Back 54

UAA, UGA, UAG

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promoter

Back 55

DNA sequence where RNA pol initiates transcription

Front 56

terminator(in bacteria ONLY)

Back 56

DNA sequence that ends transcription

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start point(transcription)

Back 57

nucleotide where RNA synthesis actually begins

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transcription unit

Back 58

stretch of DNA that is transcribed into RNA

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three stages of transcription and/or translation

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initiation, elongation, termination

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transcription factors

Back 60

proteins the mediate binding of RNA pol and initiation of transcription

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transcription initiation complex

Back 61

complex of transcription factors + RNA pol II bound to promoter

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TATA box

Back 62

crucial DNA promoter sequence

Front 63

RNA processing

Back 63

enzymes in euk. nucleus modify pre-mRNA before going into cytoplasm

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5' cap

Back 64

modified form of guanine nucletide attached to 5' after transcription of first coupla nucleotides

Front 65

poly-A tail

Back 65

50-250 nucleotides at 3' end

Front 66

RNA splicing

Back 66

removing lotsa RNA molecule

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introns

Back 67

sequences of mRNA that are cut out

Front 68

exons

Back 68

sequences of mRNA that are expressed

Front 69

small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs)

Back 69

particles that recognize splicing site

Front 70

spliceosome

Back 70

snRNPs + more proteins release introns, join exons

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small nuclear RNA (snRNA)

Back 71

RNA in an snRNP

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ribozymes

Back 72

RNA molecules that function as enzymes; gave idea that snRNAs are catalysts

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alt. RNA splicing

Back 73

one gene creating more than one polypeptide

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domains

Back 74

discrete structural + functional regions of proteins

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e.g. of domain

Back 75

active site of enzyme

Front 76

transfer RNA (tRNA)

Back 76

transfers amino acids from cytoplasmic pool into a growing polypeptide; translator for codons of mRNA molecule

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exon-shuffling

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introns increase probability of crossing over

Front 78

anticodon

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codon at end of tRNA; base-pairs with codon on mRNA

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aminoacyl-tRNA synthases

Back 79

enzymes that match correct tRNA and amino acids

Front 80

wobble

Back 80

flexible base pairing at third nucleotide

Front 81

ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs)

Back 81

this + protein = ribosomal subunits

Front 82

3 binding sites for tRNA

Back 82

E, exit

P, protein synthesis

A, next amino acid

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Where does the energy for translation come from?

Back 83

hydrolysis of GTP

Front 84

translation initiation complex

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mRNA + initiator tRNA + small ribosomal subunit + large ribosomal subunit

Front 85

elongation factors (translation)

Back 85

proteins that brings translation initiation complex together

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three steps of translation elongation

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codon recognition

peptide bond formation

translocation

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release factor(translation)

Back 87

protein that binds to stop codon in the A site

Front 88

all three stop codons

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UGA

UAA

UAG

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polysomes

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aka polyribosomes

ribosomes linked together to make proteins faster

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Where do ribosomes start?

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cytoplasm, bind to ER if they feel like it

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signal peptide

Back 91

targets proteins to ER

Front 92

signal recognition particle (SRP)

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protein RNA complex that escorts ribosomes to receptor protein in the ER membrane

Front 93

mutations

Back 93

changes to genetic info of cells and/or viruses

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point mutation

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changes in one nucleotide pair of a gene

Front 95

adverse effect

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genetic disorder/hereditary disease

Front 96

nucleotide-pair substitution

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replacement of nucleotide +partner with two new ones

Front 97

silent mutation

Back 97

no effect on phenotype

Front 98

two types of small scale mutations

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1) single nucleotide-pair substitutions

2) nucleotide-pair insertions/deletions

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missense mutations

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change one amino acid into another (not a big threat)

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nonsense mutation

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point mutation that changes codon to stop codon

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insertion/deletion

Back 101

addition/loss of nucleotide PAIRS in a gene (DISASTROUS EFFECT)

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frameshift mutation

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insertion/deletion alters how triplet groupings are read during translation

Front 103

spontaneous mutations

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incorrect base is used as template in next round of replication

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how many nucleotides are altered

Back 104

one in 10^10

Front 105

mutagens

Back 105

phys. + chem. agents that interact with DNA and cause mutations

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final definition of a gene

Back 106

a region of DNA that can be expressed to produce a final functional product that is either a polypeptide or an RNA molecule