Divisions And Blood Supply Of The Brain

Front 1

what structures are contained in the forebrain?

Back 1

cerebrum (telencephalon) and thalamus (diencephalon)

Front 2

what structures are in the hindbrain?

Back 2

brainstem structures and cerebellum (metencephalon)

Front 3

what structures make up the brainstem?

Back 3

medulla (myencephalon), pons (metencephalon), and midbrain (mesencephalon)

Front 4

what is the order of structures of the brain in terms of caudal to rostral?

Back 4

spinal cord, medulla, pons, midbrain, thalamus, cerebrum

Front 5

what strucute must be traversed to reach the cerebrum?

Back 5

the thalamus

Front 6

what effect do gyri have on the brain?

Back 6

they increase its surface area AKA its cerebro-cortical area

Front 7

what connects the cerebellum to the pons?

Back 7

the cerebellar pedunkle

Front 8

what divides the frontal from the parietal lobe?

Back 8

the central sulcus

Front 9

what seperates the parietal lobe from the temporal lobe?

Back 9

the lateral fissure

Front 10

describe the structure of the insular lobe.

Back 10

it has 4 gyri

Front 11

the abducens nerve exits the pons between what two arteries?

Back 11

the anterior inferior cerebellar and the internal auditory

Front 12

the occulomotor nerve exits the midbrain between what two arteries?

Back 12

posterior cerebral and superior cerebellar

Front 13

1. post. cerecral
2. pontine
3. internal auditory
4. ant. inf. cerebellar
5. post. spinal
6. ant. spinal
7. post. inf. cerebellar
8. vertebral
9. basilar
10. sup cerebellar
11. post. communicating
12. ant. cerbral
13. ant. communicating
14. internal carotid
15. middle cerebral

Back 13

label the arteries

Front 14

describe the anastomotic connections distal to the cerebral arterial circle (willis).

Back 14

there are none

Front 15

the central arteries are divided how? what are the names of these divisions.

Back 15

by their position in terms of inside (medial) the circle of willis or outside (lateral) of the circle of willis. They are named anteriomedial (contains opthalmic artery), anterior lateral (lateral striate), posterior medial, and posterior lateral

Front 16

what are the recurrent arterial branches near the circle of willis and from what arteries do they branch?

Back 16

the medial striate artery branches off ant. cerebral. the anterior choroidal branches off the internal carotid and the post. choroidal branches off the post. cerebral

Front 17

what are the names of two specefic pontine arteries?

Back 17

the paramedan artery and the long and short circumferential artery

Front 18

the middle cerebral artery supplies blood to what parts of the brain?

Back 18

the lateral aspects of the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes.

Front 19

the anterior cerbral artery supplies blood to what aspects of the brain?

Back 19

the medial aspects of the frontal and parietal lobes

Front 20

the posterior cerebral artery supplies blood to what parts of the brain?

Back 20

the medial aspects of the occipital and temporal lobes

Front 21

the two causes of ischemic stroke are?

Back 21

occlusive vascular disease and hypotension

Front 22

occlusive vascular disease affects mainly what kind of arteries? chronic hypertension?

Back 22

OVD affects large arteries, hypotension affects small arteries

Front 23

what condition is characterized by partial occlussion of an artery that may result in vasospasm which temporarily occludes the vessel resulting in temporary loss of function distal to the obstruction?

Back 23

TIA (transient ischemic attack)

Front 24

what immediate treatment can be used for stroke and what is a new alternative treatment?

Back 24

administer tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) within three hours of stroke onset. Desmoteplase from vampire bats is the new, more effective treatment that has a much less risk of bleeding

Front 25

stroke due to hypotension affects what areas?

Back 25

watershed areas which are border zones between two regions each supplied by a specefic artery

Front 26

what does glutamate have to do with ischemia?

Back 26

reduced oxygen levels during ischemia cause a rise in extracellular glutamate which causes post synaptic neurons to take up more calcium and die.

Front 27

what is delayed degeneration in terms of mild ischemia?

Back 27

loss of neurons through apoptosis due to increased glutamate from mild ischemia over a period of time

Front 28

what part of an aneurysm usualy breaks and why?

Back 28

the neck of the aneurism is thin without smooth muscle

Front 29

most saccular (berry) aneurysms occur where?

Back 29

in the anterior circulation

Front 30

what are two ways aneurysms may cause damage?

Back 30

they may rupture leading to ischemia or grow and put pressure on surrounding structures like nerves

Front 31

what nerves are most susceptable to aneurysm compression?

Back 31

optic, oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, and trigeminal (opthalmic)

Front 32

what type of aneurysm is much less likely to pop, but will cause massive damage to the brain?

Back 32

a giant atherosclerotic aneurysm

Front 33

what condition is characterized by a tangle of arteries and veins connecting directly (no capillaries) which grow and rob the brain of its blood supply (ischemia) and may cause seizures or hemorrhage due to high pressure in the vessels??

Back 33

arteriovenous malformation

Front 34

hypertension can cause what two pathological states in the brain?

Back 34

lacunar infarcts (occlusive) and microaneurysms (potentially hemorrhagic) in the distal arteries.