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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the signs and symptoms of hypothermia? |
* Uncontrollable shivering * loss of feeling and dexterity * In severe cases, shivering stops and impaired mental processes result |
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What are the characteristics of the jackstay search pattern? |
* best choice to find a small object in a large area * reasonably accomodates bottom obstacles * primary drawback is that it's time consuming |
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What are the characteristics of the circular or semi-circular search pattern? |
* effective for small objects over an unobstructed bottom * requires a line and 2 divers |
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What are the characteristics of an expanding square search pattern? |
* well suited to looking for items in the immediate area * quick to enact * doesn't require special equipment |
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What are the characteristics of a U-pattern search? |
* used to search large area for medium to large objects * usually requires a compass |
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What two specialty diver courses can dive masters qualify for before becoming certified open water scuba instructors? |
* PADI underwater digital photography * PADI emergency oxygen provider |
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What are the Discover Scuba Diving ratios? |
Divemaster: * pool training: n/a * confined water training: n/a * open water 1st dive: n/a * open water 2nd+ dive: 2:1 DSD Leader: * pool training: 4:1 * confined water training: 2:1 * open water 1st dive: n/a * open water 2nd+ dive: 2:1 |
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What are the Skin Diver Course prereqs and ratios? |
Prereqs: * at least 8 years old * complete the PADI skin diver liability release and assumption of risk form Ratios: * Pool: 16:1 * up to 10 for open water dive |
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What are the Discover Local Diving prereqs and ratios? |
Prereqs: * At least 10 years old * Minimum certified entry-level diver * complete the PADI certified diver liability release and assumption of risk form Ratios: * no specified rations * use good judgement based on age, experience, environmental conditions, logistics, etc |
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What are Scuba review prereqs and ratios? |
Prereqs: * At least 10 years old * minimum certified entry-level diver * complete the PADI certified diver liability release and assumption of risk form Ratios: * up to 10 divers in confined water * PADI instructors can offer this to noncertified divers who are preparing to complete training |
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What Scuba review knowledge study guide options do students have? |
* Scuba Tune-Up Guidebook (actual booklet) * Scuba tune-up online * Third option is to review PADI open water diver manual and complete course quizzes and exams |
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Who is Scuba Review intended for and what is the approach and philosophy of the course? |
* intended for certified divers who are "rusty" * allows divers to quickly review/update basic dive safety related info * designed to be flexible and to accomodate many venues, learning styles, needs * Note: only instructors are able to conduct with non-certified divers |
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What two broad characteristics may divers expect in a PADI DM? |
* professionalism * role-model behavior |
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What characteristics does a good role model PADI DM have? |
* excellent dive skills * prioritize personal safety * practice safe responsible diving * reading people and situations and making conservative judgement calls * equipment is well maintained * good fitness * keeping up with dive and environmental trends and practices * demonstrates care for the environment * easily builds rapport with others |
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How may role model behavior affect other divers? |
* influences the choices they make * reinforces responsible diving habits and practices * can cause others to question your judgement * can help or hurt your credibility as a DM * reinforces what students learn |
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Why do divers want the assistance of a PADI DM? |
* they make diving more convenient and fun Ex: * know best dive sites * handle dive logistics * recommend local diving techniques * provide info that improves safety |
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What are benefits of being a PADI DM? |
* Access to professional print/online publications * Access to Pros' site on padi.com * Can purchase some materials directly from PADI * access to professional liability insurance and legal defense team * can earn some income * ability to conduct certain programs * brand recognition |
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What are the responsibilities of a PADI DM? |
* follow PADI standards * stay up-to-date and following standards updates * keeping annual PADI membership current * follow the PADI code of practice |
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What is a "mentor relationship" between the instructor and DM candidate? |
* instructor is a coach and advisor * instructor will want to know what you're thinking and how you would handle certain situations * helps you think like a dive leader |
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What characteristics allows experts to more easily solve problems than nonexperts? |
* they have more knowledge and experience to draw upon to solve problems |
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Why does it benefit you to have a dive reference library? |
* makes information readily available to you |
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How does additional training help you gain experience? |
* offers more dive opportunities * exposes you to new and specialized information |
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List additional training you may want to take to increase your experience as a DM? |
* discover scuba leader * specialty instructor courses |
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What is the role of the DM in dive planning for a group of certified divers? |
* Provide broad planning that applies to the overall logistics and emergency planning and preparation * commonly orient divers to the site and it's conditions - temp, current, surge, thermoclines, bottom composition |
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How do you plan a dive by "thinking through the dive"? |
* think through everything you need to do and prepare * consider equipment, paperwork, etc * consider from when you start preparing through to when you've completed all post-dive maintenance and have headed home |
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How do you evaluate general dive conditions, and how do conditions affect the dive? |
weather: * winds can affect current, temp, visibility * rain runoff can affect visibility tides/currents: * can affect vis and temp, diving technique etc * rule of thumb is that it's best to dive slack high tide visibility: * rain, wind and waves can affect vis * seasonal plankton blooms * bottom composition |
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What are three aspects of planning dives for remote areas? |
* Logistics - food, gas, cylinder fills, bedding * Emergency prep - more oxygen, supplies etc * self-sufficiency - ability to fix compressors, engines. how about communications equipment |
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What is the primary purpose of diver accounting procedures? |
To assure that every diver comes back from the dive/ dive outing |
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What individual differences in divers does a divemaster have to be prepared to accomodate |
* skill level * physical challenges * learning challenges * culture |
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What are six characteristics of responsible dive behavior? |
* planning dives within limits of training/experience * being properly equipped for the dive * checking air supply frequently and ending dive with appropriate reserve * staying within no-stop limits, making safety stops * diving in environmentally sensitive manner |
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What are four ways to encourage responsible diver behavior? |
* be a good role model - follow responsible dive practices * during planning, suggest or remind divers of responsible diving behavior that apply to the dive * make responsible diving easier logistically * reward responsible dive behavior |
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How do you assess divers before a dive for experience level, possible stress and possible equipment problems? |
* indirect assessment through simple observation * looking at gear can provide clues * watch diver behavior * direct assessment by asking questions and/or checking documents |
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What are characteristics of predive stress and how do you help divers deal with it? |
* either physical or psychological stress * physical stress is stopped by removing the stressor * psychological stress is stopped by either removing stressor or changing the perception of the stress |
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What are effective ways to remove stressors? |
* for physical stress, typically straight forward. * provide accurate info helps to change perception of the stressor * explaining procedures helps by changing the individual's ability to cope with the stressor |
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What are four aspects of supervision in managing dives? |
* planning - making and acting on a plan * communication - provide dive details, info and briefing * vantage point - choose from where to supervise * recognizing problems - anticipate and identify possible problems |
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What are advantages and disadvantages of in-water vs out-of-water supervision? |
Advantages: * you're close to divers, and can help reduce problems like exceeding depth limits, running low on air, navigation issues. * can lead to most interesting spots Disadvantages: * can only supervise one group * some divers don't like to dive in groups |
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What are advantages and disadvantages of out-of-water vs in-water supervision? |
Advantages: * supervise more than one group * close to emergency equipment * offers buddy teams more flexibility in terms of where they go Disadvantages: * not immediately at-hand to deal with situations * can't show interesting dive spots |
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What eight types of equipment can assist in supervising certified divers? |
* clipboard with dive roster * binoculars * dive site maps * emergency response equipment * marine radio, mobile phone, etc * tool kit - save a dive kit * dive flag * spare equipment (i.e. bcd, cylinders, reg) |
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What 10 points does a dive briefing usually include? |
* dive site name, description, your role, entry/exit procedures, dive procedures, emergency procedures, signal review, roster/buddy check, environmental orientation, predive safety check |
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Why is it important to include an environmental orientation in every briefing? |
* helps divers to dive in a manner that minimizes effects to the environment * it familiarizes those with little or no local diving experience with the specifics of the environment |
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What predive suggestions can you give to help divers interact responsibly with the environment and aquatic life? |
* avoid bumping, kicking touching organisms * be aware of body and equipment placement, bouyancy control, guages, etc * consider interactions with aquatic life * respect underwater life and cultural heritage * re: hunting, follow game laws * set an example for other divers |
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How do you prepare to handle problems that may occur at a dive site? |
* have a strong knowledge base in dive theory and experience * have physical resources available - spare scuba equipment, tool kit, emergency oxygen and first aid. cable ties, bungee shock cord, nylon rope, duct tape, electrical tape, etc * continuing education by taking diving and nondiving courses |
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When do dive supervision and problem management call for your judgement? |
* When there is not an obvious logical choice or you don't have all the necessary information to direct an course of action. |
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How do you develop good judgement? |
* experience * taking additional training courses * diving with experienced divers |
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What are the general steps for handling a dive problem? |
* identify the problem precisely * inventory your resources * create several possible solutions * choose the best solution * assess and revise |
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What are the two likely roles of a divemaster in the event of a dive accident? |
* scene manager - if you're most qualified * assistant |
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What are the emergency management steps from the perspective of a DM? |
* assess the situation * act on your plan * delegate * provide basic life support and first aid as necessary * control the scene * evacuate the patient |
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The first step in handling a problem is to inventory your resources. |
False. The first step is to precisely identify the problem. |
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When supervising certified divers, your most likely role as a divemaster in the event of a dive accident is to assist someone who is more qualified. |
False. This is possible typically when assisting with students in training, but when supervising certified divers, the DM is often the most qualified. |
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Signs and symptoms of psychological stress include: |
* being uncharacteristically withdrawn * talkativeness * irritability * distraction * perceptual narrowing |
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What is the primary role of a PADI DM compared to that of a PADI instructor in an instructional setting? |
The DM's primary role is handling logistics and assisting with student diver supervision. The instructor's primary role is teaching and individual student diver learning. |
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What seven functions may a DM be asked to fulfill as an instructional assistant in confined or open water? |
* supervise predive equipment distribution, postdive collection, and handling equipment difficulties * supervise students not immediately watched by instructor * handling logistics and student diver flow * conducting tour portions of dives * providing instructor with additional info on student diver performance * checking divers in and out of water at training site * helping student divers with learning difficulties |
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What is your primary role in the relationship between you and student divers in training? |
* to be the link between the students and the instructor * includes being approachable and gaining trust * keeping training enjoyable |
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How does position affect your ability with student diver control? |
* let's you see the group and instructor * permits you respond quickly to a student diver who has a problem * allows you to direct student diver movement to and from the instructor as required * let's student divers get your attention easily |
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What are the advantages of semi-circle or line student to instructor positioning? (Usually DM is positioned behind the students opposite the instructor) |
Advantages: * can see the entire group and instructor * you're close to all students Disadvantage: * students can't see you and have to turn around to get your attention |
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What are the advantages of positioning pattern where students are in a line, instructor is at one end and DM at the other? |
Advantages: * You can see instructor and students and they can see you Disadvantages: * You're not as close to students at the other end * students can stir up the bottom affecting visibility |
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What are the methods and considerations for direct contact with a student diver? |
* be aware direct contact requires awareness and sensitivity * consider cultural perceptions * Holding BCD at shoulder or low on outside is typically fine * If contact is part of training (CESA), brief how contact will take place * consider the training and position (hose recovery vs mask clearing for example) |
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What logistical functions may the DM perform to assist with student diver training at the surface? |
* handle equipment * coordinate student divers * assist with student diver preparation * enforce safety and facility rules * handle paperwork |
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What are five examples of logistical functions you may perform to assist with student diver training underwater? |
* lead/follow * air checks * navigation * supervising the group * escort |
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When would a DM demonstrate a skill and for what reasons? |
* some skills require two divers to demonstrate (i.e. alternate air source use) * helping a student who is having difficulty mastering a skill; the DM typically re-demonstrates the skill |
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What are the characteristics of a demonstration-quality skill? |
* slow pacing * critical attributes emphasized * sequence emphasized * adequately seen * mastered and automatic |
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How do you develop demonstration-quality skills? |
* watch the skills performed (instructor, PADI open water diver video) * identify the critical attributes and performance requirements * practice is then essential |
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What are the 24 basic dive skills from the PADI open water dive course? |
* 20 are open water dive skills * 4 are skin diver skills |
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How do you master a motor-skill? |
Practice with knowledge of results is essential. To speed learning you can: * watch demos of the skill * watching a video of the skill * mentally rehearsing the skill |
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What three steps do you take to help a student diver master a dive skill? |
* redemonstrate the skill so student can watch critical attributes * have student attempt the skill again * if necessary, redemo and try again |
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How should you adapt your approach to create a comfortable learning environment for people with different physical abilities? |
* for smaller, less powerful students, be prepared to assist with equipment * work with instructor to make sure student is fitted with appropriate gear * be available to assist with entry and exists * students with limited mobility may need special lifting assistance on entry and exit etc * look for a way for the student to meet the performance requirements within their abilities |
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Specific requirements and obligations that apply to working with children may be found: |
* in the professional membership guide of the PADI instructor manual * in the child protection guidelines for PADI dive centers and resorts on the Pro's site |
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What is meant by risk management? |
Risk management is the practice of taking precautions, following established guidelines and making choices to reduce risk. |
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Why is risk management so important? |
* it improves diver safety * it reduces legal risk * helps maintain insurance coverage * keeps diving viable as a sport |
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What is meant by "duty of care" and "negligence" in most legal systems? |
* duty of care means you are expected to act as a reasonably prudent DM would act under the same or similar circumstances, to protect less knowledgeable diver from harm *negligence happens when you fail to meet your expected duty of care and an accident happens |
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Why are your health, personal safety and diving proficiency important to managing risk? |
* it's difficult to be attentive and alert if you're feeling ill * you need the strength and stamina required if an emergency arises * you're a role model * if you get hurt, risk may increase for divers under your supervision |
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Your "intent" is taken into consideration when determining negligence? |
False. Intent does not usually apply when determining negligence because it's unlikely that a dive professional would intentionally try to hurt another diver |
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Why do you need to be familiar with the General Standards and Procedures Guide in your PADI instructor manual? |
* they reduce risk * that are the foundation of PADI instructional system * they are monitored and enforced by the PADI Offices |
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How does adhering to standards help reduce risk? |
* by following standards, you reduce the risk of an accident in the first place and improves safetly * if an accident does happen and you were following standards then it reduces legal risk, is easier to show that you met your expected duty of care |
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Why is your judgement important when applying standards? |
* Standards provide a framework, but you must use good judgement when applying the standard * the fact that you were within standards alone won't defend your actions if it can be shown that a prudent dive professional would have acted more conservatively |
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What is the PADI member code of practice and how does it apply to risk management? |
It's part of the PADI standards and helps reduce and manage risk |
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What is the Youth Leader's Commitment and how does it apply to risk management? |
* Our society places working with children under very high duty of care * children need closer supervision, attention and direction than adults * by following youth leader's commitment, it helps reduce and manage risk also |
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What suggestions can help you manage your own risk? |
* Follow PADI standards * follow local regulations, environmental laws, and community and industry practices, laws and guidelines * maintain your health and fitness * use common sense and good judgement * know your limits as a dive leader |
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Following local laws and regulations is just as important as following PADI standards? |
True |
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What is the role of proper paperwork and administration in reducing risk? |
* inform divers of risks of diving * confirm divers accept diving risks * confirm divers are medically fit to participate * remind divers to follow safe diving practice * can reduce legal risk * helps demonstrate that you met required duty of care |
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What steps should you take in the even of an accident? |
* be prepared beforehand with emergency equipment * render emergency assistance * activate local emergency medical services * show compassion, don't volunteer opinions etc * isolate dive equipment, noting configuration, cylinder pressure, and leave assembled and intact * note environmental conditions (time of day, current, waves, visibility, temp) * write down witness names and contact info * answer questions but don't speculate * contact PADI office and file PADI incident report |
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Why should you have liability insurance even if it's not required as an assistant? |
* it's possible to be named in a lawsuit * helps cover legal costs * need coverage for damages should you be named liable by the court * you are not automatically covered under the instructors insurance |
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How does the PADI Quality Management Process help you reduce risk? |
* identifying problems * correcting problems * documenting problem correction |
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What are the steps in the PADI quality management process? |
* PADI contacts the PADI member and, if necessary, other parties as required to get more information * if situation suggest a severe issue, PADI member may be put in nonteaching or inactive status * Information is evaluated to determine how to handle the situation * PADI member may be required to retrain and activities are usually monitored more closely |
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Why do you need a solid understanding of dive theory? |
* answer divers' questions * solve problems that aren't easily predicted or predefined * understand relationships, causes and effects in diving * function as a dive leader |
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Why does water dissipate body heat faster than air does, and at what rate does it do so? |
* because water is more dense than air, which means it has more mass for a given volume * because water forms weak bonds between its molecules, which require energy to overcome |
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What effect does water's ability to dissipate heat have on a diver? |
* water takes heat away from the body about 20 times faster than air |
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What does light do when it passes from air to water or vice-versa? |
* light bends when it moves through materials of different density, causing it to bend * this bending is called refraction |
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How does refraction affect divers? |
* magnifies objects underwater so they appear closer by a ration of 4:3 for their actual and apparent distances * objects appear 25% closer that actual, or 33% larger than actual |
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Why does sound travel faster in water than in air? |
* because water is more elastic than air (and also more dense) (density does not guarantee better sound conduction. both lead and carbon are dense but transmit sound poorly due to their elastic properties) |
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How much faster does sound travel in water than air? |
* approximately 4 times faster |
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How does the speed of sound in water affect hearing? |
* it makes it difficult to tell which direction sound is coming from |
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What is Boyle's Law? |
* it's the relationship between absolute pressure and volume PV = K or P1V1 = P2V2 |
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What is Charles' Law? |
* Charles' Law includes temperature in the pressure/volume equation (P1* V1)/T1 = (P2*V2)/T2 |
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What is Dalton's Law? |
* it's the law of partial pressures * the total pressure exerted by a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases in the mixture |
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What is Henry's Law? |
* the amount of a gas that dissolves into a liquid at a given temperature is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas * when a gas is in contact with a liquid, it dissolves into the liquid |
