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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What structures give rise to the glomerular filtration barrier?
Which disease results from a loss of the negative charge glomerular filtration barrier? |
The barrier is composed of
1. fenestrated capillary endothelium (size barrier) 2. fused basement membrane with heparan sulfate (negative charge barrier) 3. epithelial layer consisting of podocyte foot processes In nephrotic syndrome you lose the charge barrier resulting in albuminuria, hypoproteinemia, generalized edema, and hyperlipidemia. |
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What clinical scenario is most commonly seen in Reye's syndrome?
What are the characteristics of Reye's syndrome? |
-scenario: aspirin given to children during viral illness
-rare, often fatal childhood hepatoencephalopathy -mito abnormalities, fatty liver, hypoglycemia, coma -associated with viral infection (esp. VZV and influenza b) -mechanism: aspirin metabolites decrease beta oxidation by reversible inhibition of mito enzyme |
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What substance activates the classic complement pathway?
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antigen-antibody complexes
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What hormone is responsible for the proliferative phase of the endometrial cycle?
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estrogen
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Which anti-cancer drug has an increased toxicity when given with allopurinol?
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6-mercaptopurine (6-MP)
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Which anti-cancer drug is cardiotoxic? Patients taking this drug must be monitored using ejection fractions?
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-doxorubicin (Adriamycin), daunorubicin
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Which anti-cancer drug blocks polymerization of tubulin?
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vincristine, vinblastine
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Which anti-cancer drug hyperstabilizes polymerized microtubules?
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paclitaxel (and other -taxols)
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Which anti-cancer drug is known to cause hemorrhagic cystitis?
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cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide
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Which anti-cancer drug crosses blood-brain barrier?
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nitrosureas (carmustine, lomustine, semustine, streptozocin)
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What are the two different types of second degree AV block?
How do they differ? |
Mobitz Type I: Wenkebach
-progressive lengthening of the PR interval until a beat is dropped -usually asymptomatic Mobitz Type II -dropped beat that are not preceded by a change in the length of the PR interval -abrupt, nonconducted P waves result in pathologic condition -often found as a 2:1 block where there are 2 P waves and 1 QRS -may progress to 3rd degree heart block |
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What are the principle signs and symptoms of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome?
What enzyme is defective in this syndrome, and what is its biochemical role? |
Sx:retardation, self-mutilation, aggression, hyperuricemia, gout choreoathetosis
Mech: defective purine salvage owing to absence of HGPRT which converts hypoxanthine to IMP and guanin to GMP which leads to excess uric acid production |
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What changes in sleep patterns and sexual anatomy are seen in the elderly?
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men: slower erection/ejaculation, longer refractory period
female: vaginal shortening, thinning and dryness Sexual interest does not decrease. Decreased REM and slow wave sleep. Increased latency and awakenings. |
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What are the symptoms of pheochromocytoma?
What lab test can be used to diagnose pheochromocytoma? What class of drug is used to treat pheochromocytoma? |
Sx: episodic Ps
-pressure eleveated (high bp) -pain (headache) -perspiration -palpitations (tachycardia) -pallor Dx: urinary VMA, plasma catecholamines Tx: alpha antagonists |
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What type of lymphoma has the histological appearance of a “starry-sky” pattern?
What virus is associated with this type of lymphoma? |
Burkitt's lymphoma
associated with EBV and t(8;14) c-myc gene |
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What are the common causes of pericarditis?
What clinical findings would lead to suspect pericarditis as a diagnosis? |
Serous: SLE, RA, viral infection, uremia
Fibrinous: Uremia, MI (Dressler's syndrome), rheumatic fever Hemorrhagic: TB, malignancy Findings: pericardial pain, friction rub, pulsus paradoxus, distant heart sounds, ECG changes with ST segment elevation in multiple leads |
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What is the rate-limiting enzyme for glycogen synthesis?
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glycogen synthase
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What is the rate-limiting enzyme for glycogen breakdown?
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glycogen phosphorylase
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What is the rate-limiting enzyme for fatty acid synthesis?
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acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC)
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What is the rate-limiting enzyme for fatty acid oxidation?
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carnitine acyltransferase I
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What is the difference between an illusion, delusion, and hallucination?
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hallucination: perceptions in the absence of external stimuli
illusions: misinterpretation of actual external stimul delusions: false beliefs not shared with other members of the culture that are firmly maintained in spite of obvious proof to the contrary |
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What neoplasm is associated with Paget’s disease of the bone?
What is the enzyme marker for Paget’s disease of the bone? |
-secondary osteosarcoma and fibrosarcoma
-increased ALP |
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What are the clinical manifestations of polycystic ovarian syndrome?
What is the treatment? |
Sx: amenorrhea, infertility, obesity, hiruitism, some association with insulin resistance
Mech: increased LH production leads to anovulation, hyperandrogenism due to deranged steroid synthesis by theca cells. See enlarged bilateral cystic ovaries. Tx: weight loss, OCP's, gonadotopin analogs, clomiphene, or surgery |
