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7 Cards in this Set
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Differentiate between allergy, autoimmunity and alloimmunity reactions. Give an example of each.
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allergy: Hypersensitivity to environmental antigens e.g. pollen, medication autoimmunity: Is due to a change in the body’s ability to tolerate self-antigensExample platelets alloimmunity: When the immune system or a host reacts to the tissue of another individualExample transplant tissue, blood transfusions |
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Describe the hypersensitivity reactions type 1, type 2, type 3 and type 4. Discuss the intermediaries involved (cells/immunoglobulins/antibodies), the effector cells involved and give an example of a disease/disorder for each type. Again, I am looking for summary information so a paragraph on each type.
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Type 1 – IgE- Intermediated hypersensitivity reactions Type 1 reactions are mediated by antigen specific IgE and the product of tissue mast cells. Most common allergies (pollen allergies) are type 1 reaction Type 2- tissue specific hypersensitivity reactions Type 2 hypersensitivity reactions are generally characterised by a specific cell or tissue being the target of an immune response- the antigen involved is HLAs- Histocompatibility locus antigens- drugs may bind to the plasma membrane of specific cell and function as target of type 2 reaction Type 3- Immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity reactions Most type 3 hypersensitivity is caused by antigen-antibody (immune) complexes that are formed in the circulation and deposited later in vessel walls or extravascular tissuesThe primary difference between type 2 and 3 is that type 2 antibody binds to the antigen on cell surface, whereas in type 3 the antibody binds to soluble antigen that was released into the blood or body fluids and the complex is then deposited in the tissues. Type 4- cell- mediated hypersensitivity reaction Wheres type 1-3 hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by antibody, type 4 reactions are mediated by T lymphocytes and do not involve antibody. It occurs through cytotoxic T lymphocytes. T lymphocytes attack and destroy cellular target directly |
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Describe primary immune deficiencies. Discuss the cause and the effect on the individual
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Primary immune deficiencies are a result of a single gene defect most primary immune deficiencies are inherited-caused by genetics Effect on the individual- it weakens the immune system causing a person to be susceptible to infections and other health problems |
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Describe secondary immune deficiencies. Using Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) as an example, discuss the cause, clinical manifestations, treatment and prevention. You should this more in depth. Be able to discuss AIDS
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cause: AIDS is caused by HIV. It interferes and destroy Th cells making pt more susceptible to infections. clinical manifestation: - Malnutrition - Skin breakdown - Dehydration - Frequent infections Prevention: - Wearing protection during intercourse - Not to breastfeed after being diagnosed with AIDS - Not to use, used sharps Treatment: - There is no cure for AIDS but medications such as antiretroviral are effective in fighting HIV and its complications |
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Pharmacology of the Immune System Discuss the use of immune suppression drugs. Include an example, action, side effects, contra-indication and nursing considerations. |
Immune suppression drugs example: Cyclosporine action: Their action is obscure but they are normally used to prevent organ rejection in kidney. side effects: - Nephrotoxicity - Tremor - Hypertension - Gum hyperplasia contra-indication: Uncontrolled hypertension Hypersensitivity to the drug nursing consideration: Monitor cyclosporine levels in transplant patients Check BP before administering |
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Discuss the use of immune stimulation therapy. Include an example, action, side effects, contra-indication and nursing considerations.
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immune stimulation therapy example: Immunoglobulin action: stimulate the immune system by inducing activation or increasing activity of any of its components. or works by increasing immune response side effect: - Headache - vomiting - diziness contra-indication: Individuals with isolated Immunoglobulin Individuals with anaphylactic reaction to a human Immunoglobulin nursing consideration: Administer the first dose within 6days after exposure- use of buttocks for injection is preferred Re-administer every 6 months as long as risks exists Concurrent antibiotics therapy may be required
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Discuss the use of vaccines. Include an example, action, side effects, contra-indication and nursing considerations-be able to relate vaccines to the immune response in terms of the effect it has on memory cells, secondary response
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Bacterial vaccinesA drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.Bacterial vaccines contain killed or attenuated bacteria that activate the immune system. Antibodies are built against that bacteria, and prevents bacterial infection later. An example of a bacterial vaccine is the Tuberculosis vaccine.
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