Diseases

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Fermentation has been used to process foods as far as

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6000 BC

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do just bacteria play a role in production of foods?

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no fungi too

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milk is made by

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streptococcus

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cheese is made by

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lactococcus lactis

they die off because ph is too high

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chocholate is made by

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candida rugosta

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bread, wine and beer are made by

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S cerevisae

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cheese has been around more than

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8000 years

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all cheese results from

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lactic acid fermentation of milk producing curd

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holes in swiss cheese is due to

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gas production by propionibacteria present during ripening

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mold are used in the production of cheeses like

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penecillium to make blue cheese

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what is used in chocolate

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candida rugosa hydrolyze the pectin and ferment sugars into ethyl alcohol and Co2, then lactic acid bacteria grow lowering PH which allows acetic acid bacteria to grow

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what denatures the proteins to give chocolate taste

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acetic acid

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how to make wine

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crushed into mush

used sulfur dioxide to remove native microbes

replace desired yeast

bacteria ferment malice acid from the grape juice into lactic acid and co2

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ehtanol is made by _____ for the purpose of ______

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S cerevisea

purpose of food/fuel

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acetone/butanol is made by ____ for the purpose of _____

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C. acetobutylicum

for food/fuel

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enzymes is made by ____ for the purpose of _____

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aspergillus

for chemical/pharmacutical production

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amino acids is made by ____ for the purpose of _____

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corynedbacterium glutamicum

for food flavor

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polysacharides is made by ____ for the purpose of _____

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xanthomonas

for plastics/paints

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vitamins is made by ____ for the purpose of _____

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ashbya

for food

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antibiotics is made by ____ for the purpose of _____

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penecillium

for medicine

Front 21

global energy consumption is expected to increase ___% by 2030

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71

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whats used for transportation

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petroleum

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what used for power and heat

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coal and methane

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fossil fuels produce

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green house gases

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microbial energy conversion includes the transformation of organic materials into

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biofuels (ethanol/hydrogen) by microbes

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most common source of biomass for ETOH

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corn

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crop residues

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plant materials left in fields after harvest and contain cellulose and hemicellulose

looking to see if can use these but theres no single microbe that can ferment all these products

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ethanol disadvantages

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absorbs water

contains low energy yield (may expend more energy to produce it)

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fermentation does make a lot of

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hydrogen

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hydrogen

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advantages:3x more potential energy then gasoline

can be made by diverse group of microbes

disadvantages: storage and distribution problem (because its a gas) can't be mixed with gasoline

need more time to develop it and do research

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ways to make hydrogen

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fermentation, oxygenic photosynthesis, anoxygenic photoheterotrophs

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algal products

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remove c02 from atmosphere as they grow so these plants are built near manufacturers that produce CO2

can be made in plants we already have

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rhizobia is sold for inoculation of legume seeds to ensure

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efficient nodulation and nitrogen fixation

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diatoms can be used for

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making optical, catalytic or electrical materials

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bacteria harboring magnetosomes convert

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iron to magnetite surrounded by membrane

membranes allow attachment of molecules like enzymes of antibodies

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oncolytic viruses

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use viruses to infect and kill cancer cells, due to specific markers and high replication rates

examples are measles for ovarian cancer

herpes for melenoma

vaccinia for liver cancer

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gene therapy

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use viruses to deliver genes to individuals with genetic defects

examples are adenovirus for blindness

HIV for adrenoleukodystophy

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GMO inserted genes include resistance to

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herbicides and inscents, soybeans have been made to have lower sat fat

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bacterium that causes tumors in plants through insertion of bacterial genes in the plant genome

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argobacterium tumefaciens

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this insertion takes place by

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larges conjugative plasmid called ti which transfer then genes

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since Ti discovery of being tumor inducing agents it has been

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modified for remove non-essential and tumor inducing elements and whatever genes is of inteeres

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bacteria can take Ti plasmid and

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deliver it to he plant cells during infection

can be used in dicots but not monocots

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what are used to kill insects

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bacteria, fungi, viruses

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B thuringiensis does what

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causes insect lysis when gets into membrane

its marketed at BT