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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3 types of disasters
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Natural Technological Stealth |
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Hazard probability Hazard versus Disasters |
Risk = Hazard * (Vulnerability - Preparedness) Hazards are sources of disasters |
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Magnitude and Frequency |
As magnitude increases, frequency decreases As magnitude increases, return period increases. |
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Energy Sources for Natural Disasters |
Sun: causes differential heating, weather, ocean currents Internal heat: convection --> plate tectonics --> earthquakes Gravity: erosion --> landslides Extraterrestrial Impacts --> tsunamis |
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Lava Types |
Basalt Andesite Rhyolite |
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Volcano Types |
Shield/Fissure Stratovolcanoes Caldera |
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4 Types of Eruptions |
Pahoehoe Stromboli Volcan Plinian |
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Volcanic Explosivity Index takes into account 3 things: |
volume of material erupted height of eruption column length of the blast |
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Volcano Hazards |
pyroclastic flow lahar earthquakes tsunamis lava famine climate change |
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Quantifying Lava Flows |
Velocity = ((density * gravity * sine of the slope) / viscosity) * (thickness * elevation - elevation^2 / 2) |
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Types of Landslides |
Creep- slow Slump Debris flow- high liquid content Rockfall |
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Basic Factor of Safety Equation |
resisting forces / driving forces ; shear strength / shear stress mgcos(x)/ mgsin(x) |
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Crazy Factor of Safety Equation |
Cohesion + ((density * distance to surface * cos(angle of slope) - pore pressure) * tan(internal friction) / (density * distance to surface * sin(angle of slope)
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Causes of Slope Failure |
Saturated Soils (lots of rain, makes pore pressure positive, decreases effective normal stress) Increase the slope angle (theta) Change the material (influences how it retains water, grain size --> internal friction Earthquakes Undercutting Erosion Construction (adding mass to the slope) Dip of the bedrock (interlocking friction good, plane friction bad) |
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Liquefaction |
Mud volcanoes Sand Boils Quicksand |
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Normal wind patterns, effects on ocean
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towards equator, east to west, pushes warm water towards Australia, creates upwelling (nutrient-rich cold water) |
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ENSO wind patterns, effects on ocean |
weaker trade winds, water doesn't get pushed over, prevents upwelling, increases temps by more than 0.5 degrees celsius for at least 3 consecutive months occurs around December lots of rain, flooding |
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La Nina |
temperatures decrease by more than 0.5 degrees for 3 consecutive months |
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2 Ways to Monitor El Nino |
SSTa - positive values = El Nino SSta - negative values = La Nina SOI - positive values = La Nina SOI - negative values = El Nino They are INVERSELY RELATED. If SSTa is positve, SOI is negative |
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Fire Chemical Reaction |
C6H12O6 + O2 --> 6H2O + 6CO2 + release of heat |
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Fire Triangle |
Oxygen, Fuel, Heat
Smother it, remove fuel source/prescribed burns |
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Types of Stuff that Burns |
Slash Ladder Fuel |
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4 Stages of Fire |
Preheating- heat capacity Pyrolosis- chemical reaction begins Flaming Combustion- bursts into flame Glowing Combustion- charcoals, dying down |
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2 Types of Spreading |
Wind- more oxygen, dry air dries everything out Wall of Fire- in a line Crown spreading- from treetop to treetop |
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4 Types of Drought |
Meteorological- department of precipitation from normal Agricultural- amount of moisture in the soil no longer meets the needs of a crop Hydrological- surface and subsurface water supplies are lower Socioeconomical- physical water shortages affect people |
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Palmer Index |
Good for identifying long-term drought |
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Palmer Hydrologic Drouht Index |
How much rain you need to end a drought |
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Crop Moisture Index |
How much moisture you need for specific crops |
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Dendroclimatology |
Study of trees using rings
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