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43 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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Ornithopoda |
Ornithopods are bipdeal. They are defined by their "bird-feet", but it is actually more mammal-like than bird-like. Theropod feet are more bird-like than mammal like. Their bird foot does have "3 main toes", but they lack the reduced first toe that faces backwards in birds. This name was given by O.C. Marsh in 1881. What makes an Ornithopod is its mouth. They have a premaxilla bone (front bone of the upper jaw) that overhangs the maxilla bone (second bone in the upper jaw). The Jaw joint is farther down than other dinos. They have a "beak" with a powerful bite. The five families of Ornithopoda are heterodontosauridae, hypsilophodontidae, dryosauridae, iguanodontidae, and hadrosauridae. |
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Primitive Ornithopods |
Some primitive ornithopods were the heterodontosaurus and the hypsilophodont. They had cheeks (like all primitive Ornithscians). They were fairly small. They were bipedal, and they were fast runners. They were alive from the early jurassic to the end of the cretaceous. |
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Heterodontosauridae |
They were a "different tooth reptile." They had differentiated teeth, which was common in mammals but rare in dinosaurs. They had a form of "tusks," which maybe could have been specifically attributed to males, but it seems unclear due to the slides. Their jaw had a "low hinge position." They were bipedal, and they had ossified tendons along back vertebrae. They were small to medium sized (1-1.5 meters long). They were known as a "Fast runner" and their ecological equivalents were gazelles and antelopes. |
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Hypsilophodontidae |
They were small dinosaurs. They had light skulls, and they ate soft vegetation. They had jawbones that would move slightly outwards to help chew food. They were thought to maybe have been tree dwellers (due to the small size), but their feet do not allow for the climbing of trees. They had very stiff tails, and this allowed for very fast running. They also had cheek teeth blades (found within their mouths). |
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Iguanodontidae |
They were known as "Iguana tooth." They were one of the first Dinosaurs to be discovered (by Gideon Mantel) and they were one of the most well known dinosaurs. There are many complete skeletons of them. They had a horse-like snout. They had three toes in the hindlimb, and they had long, sturdy (???) forelimbs (for quadrupedal walking). They had massive hindlimbs. They had sliding jaws and "Swiss army hands". They had a thumb-spike on the first digit, and their 5th digit was offset (for grasping). Their central 3 digits ended in hoove-like structures (in order to bear weight). They were the only advanced ornithscians to show true chewing movement. Their lower jaw stayed stationary. Their Upper jaw slid up and down and sideways. They might have had a thumb-spike for defense, and they were possibly herd animals (dinosaur social behavior); there were footprints to indicate this, and there are mass death assemblages. They were medium to large sized (up to 10 meters long), and their ecological equivalent is horses and buffalo. |
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Hadrosauridae |
Hadrosauridae were known as the "bulky reptile". This refers to the whole group of duck billed dinosuars. They had a dental battery. The remains that have been found of hadrosaurs are skeletons, eggs, footprints, and even two mummified individuals with their skin intact. They had a dental batter, and they had cemented teeth that formed a grinding surface, with replacement teeth underneath. They had no thumbs, and they had three toes in their hindlimb. They were medium to large sized (7-10 meters long), and their ecological equivalent are horses and buffalo. They were around from the middle cretaceous to the end cretaceous. There were two different hadrosaur families; they were differentiated by their cranial ornamentation. There were the hadrosaurines (with solid crests or none at all), and there were the lambeosuarines (with hollow crests). |
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Hadrosaurinae |
They were duck-billed hadrosaurs with no crests. They were duck-billed hadrosaurs with solid crests. There was a diversity in the solid crests. |
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Lambeosaurine |
They were hadrosaurs that had hollow crests. There was a diversity in the hollow crests. The diversity in crests could mean sexual dimorphism. This diversity could also indicate the difference between Juvenile and Adult dinosaurs. The function of the the head crest could potentially be breathing. |
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Marginocephalia |
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Marginocephalia |
They were around during the Late Jurassic to the Late Cretaceous Period. |
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Cerapoda
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The Families Psittacosauridae, protoceratopsidae, and ceratopsidae were all under this suborder.
They had frills (a shelf of bone on the back of the skull). They walked on two or four legs (bipedal vs. quadrupedal). |
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Pachycephalosauria
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This means "thick headed reptile."
Some have a thickened skull roof. It is solid bone. Some have a high skull dome. Low dome skulls could represent juveniles of dome headed adults. These skulls could be used for head-butting predators, threats, other pachys. Their ecological equivalent are rams or goats. Domes could be possible species recognition. The remains of these dinosaurs are not complete and they are mostly skull fragments. They experienced bipedal locomotion. Their forelimbs were shorter than their hindlimbs. They are of medium to large body sizes (2-10 meters long). |
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Homalocephalidae
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The homalocephalidae is part of Pachycephalosauria. It has a low skull dome.
It has a thickened skull roof. |
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Ceratopsia |
Ceratopsias have "parrot-beaks"; in other words, they have pointed rostral and predentary bones. Their rostral bones are unique to only this group of animal (no one else has this).
They ranged from small to large body sizes (1-8 meters long). |
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Psittacosaurus
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This is known as the "parrot dinosaur". They have a cheek-teeth battery. They have a rudimentary frill. They have high nostrils. And they have flaring cheeks. They are a primitive marginocephalian. They are bipedal. They have forelimb with three functional toes and a hindlimb with four slender toes. They are usually 2 meters in length. They had cheek teeth batteries. |
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Ceratopsidae
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Ceratopsidae include the Triceratops.
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Family Protoceratopsidae
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They are known to having the "first horned face." They had a large head. They have a broad frill. They had a pointed keel. They evolved into obligatory quadrupedal. They were generally smaller and more primitive than other ceratopsids.
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Ceratopsidae |
Ceratopsids had facial horns. They had very large skulls. They included the subfamily pachrhinosaurinae and certopsinae. They are heavily built. They have a fused backbone and hip. They have a deep rib cage. They are quadrupedal. They had elaborate frills and large nostrils. |
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Subfamily Pachyrhinosaurinae |
They are known as "thick-nosed lizard." They had large nasal horn (on the snout) and they had short head frills. |
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Subfamily Ceratopsinae |
They had large brown horns (over the eyes), and they had long head frills. |
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Head frills |
Functions could include mating, sexual dimorphism (morphological difference between male and female of one species), defense (but probably not), but they could have helped with heavy muscles that are anchored for chewing. Could be for display. |
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Dinosaur Ecosystem |
This includes time, dinosaurs, and the environment.
The times include the middle & late cretaceous; the early cretaceous; the late Jurassic; the early and middle jurassic, and the late triassic. |
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Life in the Triassic Period |
This occured from 250-199 Ma. The dinosaurs first appeared during this time. Mammals, turtles, frogs, and crocodiles all appeared in early forms during this time. The pterosaurs and marine reptiles also appeared during this time. This is when the birth of the Atlantic Ocean began. This time period started off with the P-T extinction. The geography during this time was that the continents were formed as Pangea. The climate was very hot and dry (especially in the interior of the continents). This may explain why reptiles and dinosaurs became dominant and NOT mammals. The vegetation during this time was that right after extinction, the land was barren of plant life, but some of it HAD to survive. There were gymnosperms (they had cones or pollen spores). There were ferns and woody plants, such as ginkgo trees, cycads, pines, cypresses, and redwoods. During this time there were many reptile-like sprawlers and quadrupeds. There were other vertebrates. The triassic airways were filled with gliders that had powered flight. There were frogs, turtles, pterosaurs, and mammals. During this time there were the ichthyosaurs and the tanystropheus and plesiosaurs (but those were more common in the J and K)--in regard to marine life. In the late Triassic period (as according to the New Blood movie) there were primitive ornithischians, primitive saurischians, and primitive theropods. Dinosaurs were around during the late Triassic but they were not "Master of Land." At the end of the Triassic there was another Mass Extinction. Most marine reptiles (except icthyosaurs and pleisosaurs) and protomammals, many archosaurs (except crocodilians, pterosaurs, and dinos). There was Volcanism that had the impact of methane hydrate release. Dinosaurs would become the dominant life form. |
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P-T Extinction |
About 95% of all life went extinct. Reptiles during this time became the dominant life form. There was a massive eruption of lava from Siberia (Siberian Lava Traps) and Emission of CO2 that caused dramatic climate change. There was the ocean anoxia (depletion of oxygen). Archosaurs and plants survive, the land was barren right after extinction. |
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Life in the Jurassic Period |
This occurred from about 199-145 Ma. There were marine reptiles, pterosaurs, mammals, and dinosaurs continued to flourish. This is known as the "Golden Age of the Dinosaur World." The other large carnivores and herbivores were gone. The dinosaurs were on top. During the early and middle Jurassic, there was the age of cycads that was a part of the vegetation. There were small to medium sized sauropods; there were small stegosaurids and herrerasaurus and coelphysoids. The primitive Tetanurae first show up now--they had three fingers on hand (digits 1,2,3 present but digits 4,5 "lost" on forelimb). They had large hands fused tails. During the early and middle Jurassic, there were the first beaked dinosaurs (hypsilophodontidae) and primitive thyreophorans. There were large plesiosaurs, in regard to the marine life. Animals were similar throughout the world, as it was still a "super continent." The dinosaurs began to change by the mid-Jurassic period. The changes in Life from the mid to late Jurassic period were noticeable. The coelophysoids and prosauropods and primitive ornithischians died out. They were replaced by more specialized dinosaurs. The tetanurines (spinosaurs and carnosaurs--large predators, Coelurosaurs--small predators) were roaming around. The armored stegosaurs and ankylosaurs were around. There were more advanced Ornithopods. In the Late Jurassic period, the most abundant dinosaurs were carnosaurs, stegosaurs, and sauropods. The Late Jurassic period was "The Golden Age of the Dinosaurs." There were large Sauropods and large Stegosaurids. During the Late Jurassic, the marine life included reef builders, primitive sharks (the modern ones evolved in K), and Ichthyosaurs. There were a lot of squid-like creatures. There were epicontinental seas in the Late Jurassic period. The Late Jurassic was warmer and wetter. The epicontinental seas were occuring because of the rising sea level. A large portion of the Western interior was covered in shallow seaway. |
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Epicontinental Seas |
They were around during the late Jurassic period. They are known as "inland seas" (according to Wikipedia). They are known for the rising sea level. The large portion of the Western interior was covered in shallow seaway. |
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Cretaceous |
The cretaceous occurred from about 145 Ma to 65 Ma. At the start, the life was very similar to the Jurassic period. By the end, it had many types of plants and animals that we see today. There was movement of continents and rise and fall of sea-level. This led to parts of Earth becoming isolated. The dinosaurs in different regions began to evolve differently from each other. In the beginning of the cretaceous period, there were small weedy plants. There was the evolution of angiosperms during this period; angiosperms are flowering plants. The Late "K" (cretaceous period) had seen large flowers formed (magnolias, walnut, laurels). Grasses evolved in the Latest K. There were new plants and new plant eaters. "Little" animals of the time would familiar, such as salamanders, turtles, and lizards. The snakes first evolved here. The Modern-type mammals evolve; some of these mammals reach very large sizes for Mesozoic; they reach the size of cats, badgers, and small dogs, but most were mouse or rat size. The Dinosaurs during K diversified on separated land masses. In the early Cretaceous, there was the first appearance of placental and marsupial mammals. There were also primitive egg laying mammals also around. This was the "heydey of crocodilians." There were huge lake and marine crocodiles. There was a fossil of such found by the North Pole. They could be as big as 33 feet long. They were top marine predators (along with pleisosaurs). This was also the "heydey of pterodactyls." They were airplane sized. They had wingspans of 40 feet or more. They ate fish, insects, fruit, plant parts, or plankton. As for Marine life in the early cretaceous, there were rudists (large bivalves/clams), and there were reef builders (which could be the same thing but the slides don't make this clear). During the middle and late cretaceous, there little to no stegosaurs and sauropods--maybe related to the rise in abundance of angiosperms? There were iguanodontidae, psittacosaurs, and ankylosauria (nodosauria) that were around during this time. The Tyrannosauridae and the Hadrosauridae were also around during this time. There was Dinosaur Diversity during this time. The Iguanodon was the main herbivore in North America, Europe, and Asia (small ornithopods and akylosaurs). Last of the Stegosaurs lived in Laurasia (extinct by the end of K). The First marginocephalians appeared in Laurasia and Asia and were rare in North America and Europe. Suaropods were found mostly in Southern Godwana. The feathered theropods were found in Asia, North America, and Europe. Due to tectonic plate movement of continents, there were warm climates and high oxygen levels. There was a diversification of marine life. At the end of the cretaceous there was a mass extinction where 65% of all life went extinct and mammals became the dominant life form. |
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Dinosaur Ecosystem Structure |
Triassic Period There were small bodied dinosaurs and prosauropods. There were meat and plant eaters. The rise of dinosaurs was beginning. Jurassic Period This was the "Age of Browsers." Some dinosaurs processed vegetation in stomach with gizzards. Niche stratification was important during this time period. Predators during the Jurassic period were on a continuum of body sizes from small to large. Cretaceous Period The Cretaceous Period was the "Age of Grazers". There was the existence of dental battery structures. There was the rise of flowering plants. There was little to no "niche-stratification." The predators during this time were highly specialized and had dental apparatuses. They had a hand structure that could help with catching and/or eating their prey (so I deduce from the slides). |
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Niche-stratification |
This term is relevant to the "Age of Browsers", which is the Jurassic Period. This term is in regard to Sauropods. This has to do with the height stratification of different herbivores during the Jurassic period that fed. Sauropods fed at 5-20 meters high (although some argue that they may have fed horizontally because to feed high would requires extremely high blood pressure to pump blood to high head). Stegosaurs fed at 3-5 meters high. Ornithopods fed at 0-3 meters high. |
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Dinosaur Community Structure |
The dinosaur community structure is, according to the course slides, analogous to mammalian community. |
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Cretaceous/Paleogene Boundary |
Cretaceous: "The Chalk: White Cliffs Dover K=Cretaceous (Kreide)
K/T or K/P (Paleogene) boundary: 65 Ma "The Earth had a very bad day." This severely affected planktonic foram inifers. three species survived out of more than 23. There was the extinction of 25% of families, 50% species. Dinosaurs marine reptiles and flying reptiles ammonites and belemnites went extinct. Rudists (reef builders) went extinct. 75% of marsupials went extinct. Planktonic foraminifers: three species survived out of more than 23. Most land plants were not affected. Crocodiles, lizards, snakes, and turtles survived. Nannofossils were 90% extinct. Coral, bivalves, gastropods and byrozoans were severely affected. |
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Alvarez Team |
This team of scientists revamped the idea of gradualism in 1980. Iridium (element 77) Anamoly was relevant to this. There was an extraterrestrial impact (an asteroid that was 8-10 km in diameter). Alvarez found a huge Ir increase and the hiatus cannot explain Ir during this time so they postulated that there was an impact of an asteroid. The dust blocks out the sun and disrupts the food chain. |
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Shocked Quartz |
This has to do with Bohr in 1984 and the impact from the asteroid impact. |
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Great Counter Hypothesis: Deccan Traps |
There was an outpouring of CO2 that caused the warming that killed the dinosaurs and an outpouring of dust. There were flood basalts.
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