Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
304 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Digestion
|
Breaking down food to a size able to cross plasma membranes of cells
|
|
Importance of digestion - to provide what two things?
|
Provide:
Energy for body metabolism Basic building blocks for the body to make substances necessary for life |
|
Metabolism
|
chemical reactions of the body
|
|
Two primary processes/functions of digestive system:
|
- Digestion
- Absorption |
|
Digestion in three words.
|
breakdown of food
|
|
Two kinds of digestion
|
Mechanical
chemical |
|
Mechanical digestion
|
chewing, churning
|
|
chemical digestion
|
like with digestive enzymes
|
|
Absorption
|
The process of getting digested food from the digestive tract to the blood
|
|
________: Use of the products of digestion by cells in the chemical reactions of the body
|
Metabolism
|
|
Summary of overall process of digestion is four scientific terms:
|
Digestion
Absorption circulation Metabolism |
|
Structure of digestive system is in two parts
|
Digestive tract
Accessory organs |
|
Central muscular tube/passageway from mouth to anus?
|
Digestive tract
|
|
What part of the digestive system is like a hallway through a building or a tunnel through a mountain?
|
Digestive tract
|
|
Four other names for the digestive tract
|
Alimentary tract
Food tract Gastrointestinal tract GI tract |
|
_____________: central continuous space/opening along the length of the digestive tract
|
Lumen
|
|
Accessory organs are what?
|
Organs connected to digestive tract by a duct
|
|
Accessory organs release what into what to aid digestion?
|
Release substances into digestive tract
|
|
The accessory organs include... (4)
|
Salivary glands
Liver Gallbladder Pancreas |
|
4 wall components of the wall of the digestive tract (inner to outermost)
|
Mucous membrane
Submucosa Smooth muscle layer Serous membrane |
|
Mucous membrane is a.k.a.
|
a.k.a. mucosa
|
|
What tissue makes up the mucous membrane of digestive tract wall?
|
Simple columnar epithelium
|
|
The mucous membrane of the digestive tract is made of simple columnar epithelium except in these three areas. What are those areas and what tissue is found there?
|
Stratified squamous epithelia in areas of the mouth, esophagus & anus
|
|
Why is the mucosa of the mouth area, esophagus, & anus made of stratified squamous epithelia?
|
For protection of the lining
|
|
What tissue makes up the submucosa of the digestive tract?
|
Connective tissue layer
|
|
Connective tissue layer (submucosa) of digestive tract contains what two things?
|
Blood vessels & lymphatics
Nerve plexus |
|
Why does the submucosa have blood vessels and lymphatics?
|
for absorption
|
|
Nerve plexus
|
Nerve network
|
|
Why does the submucosa contain a nerve plexus?
|
To control digestive tract lining & muscle movements
|
|
Smooth muscle layers of digestive tract are a.k.a.
|
muscularis
|
|
Two layers of the muscularis of digestive tract
|
Inner circular
Outer longitudinal |
|
How is are the smooth muscle layers of the esophagus special?
|
Tough skeletal muscle in its upper portion
|
|
How are the smooth muscle layers of the stomach special?
|
Has additional inner oblique smooth muscle layer to enhance its ability to churn food (so three muscle layers)
|
|
Muscularis of digestive tract produces movements. What two kinds of movements?
|
Segmentation
Peristalsis |
|
Digestive tract movements: Segmentation
|
Mixing movements (sloshing back and forth) → mix food with digestive juices
|
|
Which part of the digestive tract especially sloshes food back and forth?
|
The small intestine
|
|
Digestive tract movements: peristalsis
|
Peristalsis:
propelling movements → move food along tract |
|
Serous membrane is a.k.a.
|
serosa
|
|
Function of digestive tract's serous membrane
|
covers digestive organs in abdominopelvic cavity
|
|
Serous membrane is made of what two types of tissue?
|
Made of simple squamous epithelium + loose CT
|
|
Which part of the digestive tract's wall is a thin, moist membrane that contributes to the peritoneum?
|
Serous membrane
|
|
Peritoneum
|
Inner & outer lining of abdominopelvic cavity
|
|
Why does the serous membrane cover digestive organs?
|
To allow organs to slide easily past one another
|
|
Serous membrane gives rise to these supporting structures.
|
Mesenteries
|
|
Mesenteries location
|
Tough membranes attached to GI organs
|
|
Mesenteries function
|
Convey nutrients from GI organs in its many blood vessels to the liver
|
|
Organs of the digestive system (9)
|
1. Mouth
2. Pharynx 3. Esophagus 4. Stomach 5. Small intestine 6. Large intestine 7. Rectum 8. Anus 9. Accessory organs |
|
Scientific term for the mouth
|
Oral cavity
|
|
Three major structures of mouth
|
- hard palate
- soft palate - tongue & its muscles |
|
Hard palate
|
Anterior roof of mouth
|
|
What is the hard palate made of?
|
Bone covered by mucosa
|
|
Soft palate
|
posterior roof of mouth
|
|
What is the soft palate made of?
|
Muscle covered by mucosa
|
|
Where are the tongue & its muscles located?
|
Floor of mouth
|
|
Functions of the mouth (3)
|
- Ingestion
- Prepare food for digestion - Begin some digestive processes |
|
Ingestion
|
Receive food
|
|
The mouth begins some digestive processes, especially digestion of this.
|
carbohydrate [starch] digestion
|
|
Accessory structures of the mouth (3)
|
- Salivary glands
- Tongue - Teeth |
|
What is the major component of saliva?
|
amylase
|
|
Amylase
|
an enzyme for starch digestion
|
|
Tongue's multiple functions (4)
|
Manipulation/mechanical disruption of food
Swallowing Speech Provides sites for taste buds |
|
Name the four main kinds of taste your taste buds can detect
|
Bitter, sweet, sour, salty
|
|
Function of teeth
|
Chewing/breaking up food
|
|
Mastication
|
Chewing/breaking up food
|
|
Number of baby teeth
|
20 baby teeth
|
|
Scientific term for baby teeth
|
Deciduous teeth
|
|
Children have all of their baby teeth during what age range?
|
2-6 years old
|
|
About what age does a child get their first tooth?
|
After about six months
|
|
About what age do children get all of their baby teeth
|
age 2-3
|
|
How many adult teeth?
|
32 adult teeth
|
|
How many adult teeth per jaw?
|
16/jaw
|
|
Cutting teeth in front
|
Incisors
|
|
How many pairs of incisors
|
2 pairs
|
|
Locations of incisors
|
Central & lateral
|
|
Canines have two other names
|
Cuspids or eyeteeth
|
|
Location of canines
|
behind incisors
|
|
function of canines
|
piercing/tearing
|
|
how many pairs of canines?
|
1 pair canines
|
|
Premolars are a.k.a.
|
bicuspids
|
|
Function of premolars
|
grinding
|
|
how many pairs of premolars
|
2 pairs
|
|
Molars are a.k.a.
|
tricuspids
|
|
Function of molars
|
grinding
|
|
How any pairs of molars
|
2 pairs of molars
|
|
Wisdom teeth are a kind of what?
|
kind of molar. ("third molars"
|
|
how many pairs wisdom teeth?
|
`1 pair wisdom teeth
|
|
Upper jaw
|
Maxilla
|
|
Lower jaw
|
mandible
|
|
Where do teeth develop?
|
in maxilla or mandible
|
|
Outer part of teeth
|
enamel
|
|
inner part of teeth
|
dentin
|
|
What cavity at core of a tooth has blood vessels?
|
pulp cavity
|
|
where is the nerve for a tooth?
|
in root canal
|
|
3 sets of salivary glands?
|
Parotid glands
Submandibular glands Sublingual glands |
|
How do salivary glands empty into mouth?
|
empty by ducts
|
|
Location of parotid glands
|
inferior & anterior to ear
|
|
Ducts of parotid glands
|
opening in upper cheek opposite 2nd molar
|
|
Submandibular glands location
|
Floor of mouth, internal to & near angles of the mandible
|
|
Ducts of submandibular glands
|
Enter mouth at base of (under) the tongue
|
|
Sublingual glands location
|
under the tongue
|
|
ducts of sublingual glands
|
Floor of mouth (under tongue)
|
|
Two components of saliva
|
Mucus
Salivary amylase |
|
Function of mucus in saliva
|
Moistens & lubricates food
|
|
_________ ____________: a digestive enzyme that breaks down starch
|
Salivary amylase
|
|
what does salivary amylase break starch down into?
|
Small sugar molecules
|
|
Three functions of salivary gland secretions
|
Moisten food
Facilitate chewing and swallowing Hygeine |
|
Term for swallowing
|
Deglutition
|
|
How do salivary gland secretions help with hygiene? (two parts)
|
Keeps teeth & mouth clean
Reduces bacterial growth |
|
Spell "Hi-gene"
|
Hygiene (i before e)
|
|
Term for throat
|
pharynx
|
|
Pharynx is what kind of tube?
|
muscular tube
|
|
what lines the pharynx?
|
a mucous membrane
|
|
what part of the digestive system is also part of the respiratory system?
|
pharynx
|
|
Three regions of pharynx
|
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx Laryngopharynx |
|
2 associated structures of pharynx
|
Tonsils
Soft palate |
|
tonsils are this kind of structure with this kind of function
|
lymphatic structures with immune functions
|
|
What structure forms the back of the roof of the mouth?
|
soft palate
|
|
Uvula:
|
Soft fleshy projection hanging from the back of the soft palate
|
|
Uvula is involved in this process
|
Speech production
|
|
What two structures close off the nasopharynx when we swallow?
|
Uvula and soft palate
|
|
Wpharynxhat structure do the uvula and soft palate close off when we swallow?
|
close off nasopharynx
|
|
Why close off the nasopharynx when we swallow?
|
Prevents food from coming out of the nose
|
|
Digestive function of pharynx
|
Swallowing
|
|
What is a rapid, involuntary reflex performed by the pharynx?
|
swallowing
|
|
Bolus
|
Small, rounded portion of food formed by tongue, mixed with saliva & swallowed
|
|
Bolus is pushed by tongue to the back of the what?
|
to the back of pharynx
|
|
Soft palate & uvula rise to block off the what?
|
block off nasopharynx
|
|
Tongue rises to block off what?
|
block of the front of oropharynx
|
|
Epiglottis covers the what?
|
glottis
|
|
Glottis
|
Opening to the larynx
|
|
Layman's term for the larynx
|
Voicebox
|
|
After the pharynx, nasopharynx, oropharynx and opening to the larynx have been closed off, where does the bolus go?
|
Goes to esophagus
|
|
What is the esophagus? (two words)
|
muscular tube
|
|
length of esophagus
|
10-11 inches long
|
|
3 functions of esophagus
|
- Lubricates food with mucus
- Moves food by peristalsis to stomach - No digestion occurs in the esophagus |
|
Esophagus enters the abdominal cavity through an opening in the diaphragm. What is this opening called?
|
Esophageal hiatus
|
|
Esophageal hiatus
|
Opening in diaphragm through which esophagus enters abdominal cavity
|
|
Hiatal hernia
|
Weakness in the diaphragm that allows opening to become enlarged around esophagus
|
|
what problem does a hiatal hernia cause?
|
Permits stomach or other organs to protrude through it into thorax
|
|
A hiatal hernia permits stomach or other organs to protrude through it into the thorax. What problem can this cause?
|
Can allow backward movement of stomach contents into esophagus
|
|
Gastroesophageal reflux (GERD)
|
Backward movement of stomach contents into esophagus
|
|
GERD stands for what?
|
gastroesophageal reflux
|
|
What are the two more common names for GERD?
|
Heartburn
Acid indigestion |
|
What is the shape of the stomach
|
J-shaped organ
|
|
Capacity of stomach
|
up to 1/2 gallon
|
|
3 muscle layers of stomach (outer → inner)
|
longitudinal muscle
circular muscle oblique muscle |
|
Four regions of stomach
|
Cardiac
Fundic Body Pyloric |
|
Cardiac region of stomach
|
Where esophagus joins stomach
|
|
Fundic region of stomach
|
superior bulge under diaphragm
|
|
Pyloric region of stomach
|
Inferior region just before pyloric sphincter
|
|
___: wrinkles/folds in the internal lining when stomach is empty
|
Ruage
|
|
When do rugae smooth out?
|
When stomach is filled with food
|
|
Two sphincters of stomach
|
Lower esophageal sphincter
Pyloric sphincter |
|
Sphincters
|
2 muscular rings that serve as one way valves
|
|
Two other names for lower esophageal sphincter
|
Gastroesophageal sphincter
cardiac sphincter |
|
Occasionally this sphincter has a transient lack of relaxation (sensation that food can't get past that point). Which sphincter?
|
lower esophageal sphincter
|
|
Location of pyloric sphincter
|
Pyloric (distal) end of stomach where it joins the small intestine
|
|
Which sphincter is general closed, with only periodic openings?
|
Pyloric sphincter
|
|
Which sphincter regulates rate of food passage into small intestine?
|
pyloric sphincter
|
|
Four functions of stomach
|
Grind food to increase its surface area
Secrete digestive juices Mix food with digestive juices Temporary food storage |
|
Why grind food to increase its surface area?
|
To increase exposure to digestive juices
|
|
Stomach secretions
|
gastric juice
|
|
What two components make up gastric juice?
|
hydrochloric acid
pepsin |
|
Origin of stomach secretions
|
Microscopic gastric glands in stomach wall
|
|
Two functions of HCl
|
kills foreign organisms in food
softens connective tissue in meat |
|
What is pepsin made from?
|
Inactive precursor pepsinogen
|
|
What is pepsin
|
protein-digesting enzyme
|
|
how is pepsin activated?
|
by presence of food & HCl
|
|
what quality of mucus makes it a good protective fluid?
|
the fact that it's alkaline
|
|
Point of mucus in stomach
|
Protects stomach lining so gastric juice does not digest the stomach itself
|
|
How is secretion of gastric juice regulated?
|
Regulated in part by nervous & endocrine signaling
|
|
Chyme
|
Semi-liquid mixture of gastric juice/food that enters the small intest.
|
|
Location of pancreas
|
Mainly on left side of the abdomen
|
|
Shape of pancreas
|
tadpole-shaped organ
|
|
pancreas extends from the what to the what?
|
from duodenum (of small intestine) to spleen
|
|
Endocrine functions of pancreas
|
Production of hormones for regulating blood sugar levels
|
|
What hormones does the pancreas produce to regulate blood sugar levels?
|
Insulin & glucagon
|
|
Which function of the pancreas is the digestive function?
|
The exocrine function is digestive
|
|
Exocrine function of pancreas
|
Produce enyzmes for enzymatic digestion.
|
|
Pancreas produces enzymes for enzymatic digestion of the four main nutrient classes, which are...?
|
Fats,
proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids |
|
Besides regulating blood sugar, what is the other endocrine function of the pancreas?
|
Endocrine control of...
release of alkaline fluid containing sodium bicarbonate |
|
Alkaline
|
Basic
|
|
Pancreas controls the release of alkaline fluid containing sodium bicarbonate via what hormone?
|
Via secretin hormone
|
|
Why does the pancreas control the release of alkaline fluid containing sodium bicarbonate?
|
To neutralize acidic chyme
|
|
Why does the pancreas work to neutralize acidic chyme?
|
To protect the digestive tract lining
|
|
Where are pancreatic digestive juices released?
|
Released into a duct that joins the common bile duct &/or opens into the duodenum near the common bile duct
|
|
Protein-digesting enzymes are released in what form?
|
in inactive form
|
|
How are inactive protein-digesting enzymes activated?
|
activated by other enzymes in the small intestine
|
|
Largest glandular organ
|
Liver
|
|
which lobe of the liver is larger?
|
Larger right lobe
|
|
The liver has two smaller medial lobes. What are they called?
|
Quadrate and caudate lobes
|
|
Location of liver
|
Just inferior to the diaphragm, primarily on the right side
|
|
color of liver
|
reddish-brown color
|
|
Vascularization of liver (3 parts)
|
- Hepatic artery
- hepatic vein - hepatic portal veins |
|
Function of hepatic artery
|
Deliver oxygen
|
|
Function of hepatic vein
|
Returns venous blood to inferior vena cava
|
|
Hepatic portal veins (f.)
|
connects to blood vessels from the mesenteries of the small intestine
|
|
What do hepatic portal veins bring to the liver?
|
Bring blood loaded with end-products of digestion from the small intestine
|
|
Why do the hepatic portal veins bring nutrients from the small intestine to the liver?
|
So they can be processed, stored, and/or circulated to the body
|
|
How much blood does the liver receive per minute?
|
Receives 1.5 quarts of blood per minute
|
|
Carbohydrate metabolism of liver
|
glucose ← → glycogen storage
|
|
what is the storage form of glucose in animals?
|
glycogen
|
|
Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in animals; comparable to _______ [glucose storage form] in plants
|
comparable to starch
|
|
Why does the liver convert glucose into glycogen during carbohydrate metabolism?
|
So glucose is available to keep blood glucose levels in normal range
|
|
What does the liver form?
|
Forms blood plasma proteins
|
|
What are blood plasma proteins?
|
Albumin, clotting factors
|
|
What does the liver synthesize?
|
Synthesizes urea
|
|
How does the liver synthesize urea?
|
Breaks down amino acids of old proteins, makes urea
|
|
When the liver breaks down amino acids of old proteins, it creates urea. Why?
|
Because urea is a waste product of protein metabolism
|
|
The liver releases urea into the blood. Then what happens to the urea?
|
Released into blood for elimination in urine by kidneys
|
|
What does the liver destroy?
|
Destroys worn-out red blood cells
|
|
Go into detail of liver's destruction of worn out red blood cells.
|
Recycling or elimination of breakdown products
|
|
The liver recycles or eliminates breakdown products of worn-out red blood cells. Explain this.
|
The pigment bilibrubin is eliminated in bile
|
|
Why are stools a dark color?
|
Because bilirubin (pigment) is eliminated in bile
|
|
Detoxification function of liver
|
Neutralize poisonous properties of harmful substances
|
|
What harmful substances does the liver neutralize?
|
Drugs and alchohol
|
|
What does the liver store?
|
Stores certain vitamins and iron
|
|
What is the liver's involvement in digestion?
|
Lipid/fat metabolism
|
|
Primary digestion function of liver
|
Bile synthesis
|
|
Functions of bile (2)
|
Emulsifies fats
Aids in fat absorption |
|
What does it mean that bile emulsifies fats?
|
Acts like a detergent to break fats up into small droplets
|
|
Why does bile act like a detergent to break fats up into small droplets?
|
To increase surface area for digestive enzymes to break fats down
|
|
The liver aids in fat absorption from what organ?
|
From the small intestine
|
|
Why is the liver involved in fat modification?
|
Must modify fat into usable forms for body cells
|
|
What is the gallbladder and where is it?
|
Muscular sac inferior to liver
|
|
What color is the gallbladder typically?
|
typically yellowish green
|
|
Function of gallbladder
|
Bile storage
|
|
Bile path (use arrows)
|
Liver → gallbladder → duodenum
|
|
What structure is the first ten inches of the small intestine?
|
Duodenum
|
|
Is there a chronic or a periodic need for bile?
|
Periodic need
|
|
Chronic
|
continuous
|
|
When chyme with fat enters the duodenum, what hormone is released from the duodenum into the blood?
|
cholecystokinin (CCK)
|
|
What does the release of cholecystokinin (CCK) into the blood cause?
|
causes gallbladder contraction
|
|
When the gallbladder contracts, what happens?
|
bile is released
|
|
Gallstones
|
Semi-solid blockages of common bile duct leading to duodenum
|
|
Gallstones consist mainly of what?
|
consist mainly of cholesterol
|
|
Three sections of small intestine
|
duodenum
jejunum ileum |
|
Longest portion of digestive tract
|
Small intestine
|
|
How long is the small intestine compared to the large intestine?
|
10 feet vs.. 5 feet
|
|
which intestine is smaller in diameter?
|
the small intestine
|
|
how big in diameter is the small intestine compared to the large intest.?
|
1 inch vs. 2.5 inches
|
|
How is surface area increased in the small intestine?
|
Series of folds in intestinal wall
|
|
Why increase the surface area of the small intestine?
|
Important for absorptive function
|
|
Circular folds of small intestine?
|
Plicae
|
|
What are the multiple projections extending in into the small intestine's lumen?
|
Circular folds
|
|
___________: Millions of small folds in the mucosal lining on the plicae
|
Villi
|
|
What's within each villus? (2)
|
Capillary network for absorption
Lymphatic vessel (lacteal) |
|
What are lacteals for?
|
Lipid/fat absorption
|
|
__________: Numerous microscopic, fingerlike projections on the surface membrane of each epithelial cell of the mucosa that makes up each villus
|
Microvilli
|
|
Where are the microvilli of the small intestine?
|
on the surface membranes of each epithelial cell of the mucosa that makes up each villus
|
|
Functions of small intestine (4)
|
Peristalsis
Provides secretions from intestinal glands Most of the digestive process Most of the absorption of nutrients |
|
Peristalsis
|
rhythmic contractions of wall of GI tract that moves food along
|
|
Why does the small intestine provide secretions from intestinal glands?
|
to protect lining & to breakdown food
|
|
What secretions come from intestinal glands?
|
mucus, enzymes
|
|
Where does most of the body's absorption of nutrients occur?
|
Through the small intestinal walls
|
|
Where does most of the digestive process occur?
|
In the small intestine
|
|
First 10 inches of small intestine
|
Duodenum
|
|
Middle 3-4 feet of small intestine
|
Jejunum
|
|
Last 4-5 feet of small intestine
|
ileum
|
|
Large intestine is a.k.a.
|
a.k.a. colon
|
|
How long and how wide is the large intestine?
|
5 feet long, 2.5 inches wide
|
|
Which intestine has more surface expansion: the large or small?
|
Small intestine has more surface expansion
|
|
Which intestine has no villi?
|
Large intestine has no villi
|
|
Functions of large intestine (4)
|
- Mucus secretion
- Storage & ultimately elimination of undigested waste - Reabsorption of water and salts - Normal bacteria in colon |
|
How does the large intestine secrete a lot of mucus?
|
Lots of goblet cells
|
|
Why does the large intestine secrete lots of mucus?
|
To facilitate the movement of feces/stools
|
|
What enzyme secretion or digestion occurs in the large intestine?
|
No significant enzyme secretion or digestion occurs in the large intestine
|
|
Normal bacteria in the colon produce 2 things.
|
Vitamin K
Some B-complex vitamins |
|
What happens to the large intestine during excessive antibiotic treatment?
|
Excessive antibiotic treatment can kill the helpful bacteria which live there
|
|
2 pouch-like structures off the initial portion of the large intestine
|
Cecum
Vermiform appendix |
|
Cecum
|
Initial short pouch-like portion at junction of small & large intestine
|
|
Ileo-cecal valve
|
Separates cecum from ileum
|
|
What does "vermiform appendix" mean?
|
"worm-like"
|
|
Vermiform appendix
|
Small blind tube containing lymphoid tissue with immune function
|
|
Location of vermiform appendix
|
Near ileo-cecal junction
|
|
Appendicitis
|
Inflammation of the appendix
|
|
Subdivisions of the large intestine (6)
|
Ascending colon
Transverse colon Descending colon Sigmoid colon Rectum Anal canal & Anus |
|
Ascending colon
|
Extends superior along right side of abdomen
|
|
Transverse colon
|
Extends horizontal across the abdomen
|
|
Descending colon
|
Extends inferior along the left side of the abdomen
|
|
Sigmoid colon
|
Posterior S-shaped bend descending into the pelvis
|
|
Rectum
|
Relatively straight portion of the colon ending in the anal canal & anus
|
|
Rectum function
|
Used for storage of waste material prior to elimination
|
|
What does stretching of the rectal wall lead to?
|
Leads to contraction of its smooth muscle
|
|
contraction of the rectum's smooth muscle is aided by what other contractions?
|
voluntary contractions of diaphragm & abdominal muscles
|
|
Term for elimination of feces
|
Defecation
|
|
Anal canal & anus
|
Final pathway for feces out of the body
|
|
Two division of anal sphincter muscle
|
Inner anal sphincter
Outer anal sphincter |
|
What kind of muscle makes up inner anal sphincter?
|
Smooth, involuntary muscle
|
|
Outer anal sphincter is made up of what kind of muscle?
|
Striated muscle
|
|
Outer anal sphincter function
|
Provides voluntary control of defecation
|
|
Site of hemorrhoids?
|
anal canal & anus
|
|
Hemorrhoids
|
Enlarged veins in ano-rectal area
|
|
Normal passage of food through stomach and small intestine takes how many hours?
|
6-8 hours
|
|
Normal passage of food through the large intestine takes about how many hours?
|
About 40 hours
|
|
How many hours does normal food passage take through the small intestine for men? For women?
|
33 for men
47 for women |
|
Total time from ingestion to defecation
|
About 40-55 hours
(about 2 days) |
|
Diarrhea
|
More fluid stools due to rapid passage and thus less water reabsorption
|
|
Food passage through the body takes how long if you have diarrhea?
|
less than 1-2 days
|
|
How do you spell "fluid stools"?
|
Diarrhea
|
|
Constipation
|
More solid stools due to prolonged passage through large intestine
|
|
What happens if stools stay in the large intestine for longer than normal?
|
Excessive water reabsorption
|
|
Why is feces retained if excessive water is reabsorbed from it?
|
Because of reduced stimulation of bowel emptying reflex
|
|
How long does passage of food through the body take if someone is constipated?
|
more than 3-4 days
|