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153 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How long is the gastrointestinal tract |
16.5-23 feet |
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The gastrointestinal tract starts where and ends where |
From the mouth to the anus |
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The gastrointestinal tract is divided into what organs |
Mouth,pharynx,esoohagus,stomach,small intestines, and large intestine |
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What are the accessory digestive organs of the GI tract |
Salivary glands, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder |
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What are the functions of the GI tract |
Ingestion Secretion Mixing and propulsion Digestion Absorption Defecation |
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This is a membrane with large folds that binds organs to one another and to the walls of the abdominal cavity |
Peritoneum |
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This prevents the parietal and visceral peritoneum of the abdominal cavity from adhering to each other |
Greater omentum |
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What will drap over the intestines |
Greater omentum |
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What will bind the small intestine to the abdominal wall |
Mesentery |
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What binds the large intestine to the abdominal wall |
Mesocolon |
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What are the for layers of the GI tract |
Mucosa Submucosa Musculuris Scrosa |
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The GI has a rich blood supply for |
Absorption nutrients and has a networks of neurons |
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The enteric nervous system is regulated by what |
Automatic nervous system |
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This coordinates the movement and secretion of the GI tract |
Enteric nervous system |
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Digestion begin when you bring food into your mouth |
Ingestion |
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Where does digestion begin |
When we bring food into our mouth |
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This is the chewing mechanically breaks down food into smaller pieces |
Mastication |
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this is the process of taking food, drink, or another substance into the body by swallowing or absorbing it
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ingestion |
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what is the process by which substances are produced and discharged from a cell, gland, or organ for a particular function in the organism or for excretion
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secretion |
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what movement occur in the stomach as a result of smooth muscle contraction |
mixing |
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the movement of food along the digestive tract
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propulsion |
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the process of breaking down food by mechanical and enzymatic action in the alimentary canal into substances that can be used by the body
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digestion |
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the passing of digested food through the wall of the intestines into the blood or lymph
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absorption |
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the discharge of feces from the body
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defecation |
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what are the three salivary glands |
parotid, submandibular, siblingual |
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this will secrete saliva which mixes with the food pieces, lubricates and moistens the food, kills bacteria, and salivary amylase begins digestion on starch |
salivary glands |
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what are the components of the GI tract |
mouth, pharynx and esophagus, the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, |
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the mouth is composed of |
teeth, uvula |
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what are the types of teeth |
incisors, cuspids, premolars, molars |
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this will cut food in the mouth |
incisors |
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this will tear food in the mouth |
cuspids |
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this will crush and grind food in the mouth |
premolars |
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this will grind food in the mouth |
molars |
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what are the sections in the mouth |
crown, neck, root |
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what are the materials in the mouth |
enamel, dentin |
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The thin outer covering of a tooth. It covers the crown of the tooth, and is calcium salts |
enamel |
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a layer of material that lies immediately underneath the enamel of the tooth, and is calcified CT
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dentin |
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contain the nerves and blood supply that keep our teeth alive. The central cavity of a tooth containing the dental pulp and being made up of the root canal and the pulp chamber
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pulp cavity |
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this prevents food and drink from entering the nasal cavity |
uvula |
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when food is chewed and swallowed what process begins |
deglutition |
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what are the three stages of deglutition |
voluntary stage, pharyngeal stage, and esophageal stage |
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which faces of the deglutition are involuntary |
pharyngeal stage, and esophageal stage |
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what will move the bolus of food from the mouth through the esophagus to the stomach via peristalsis. |
deglutition |
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when the bolus moves into the stomach what will happen |
the lower esophageal sphincter will close |
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heartburn, GERD are caused by what |
the lower esophageal sphincter failing to close |
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what are the regions of the stomach |
fundus, body, pylorus |
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The part of a hollow organ that is across from, or farthest away from, the organ's opening. does not usually store food unless the stomach is full. The fundus stores any gas that is a byproduct of digestion |
fundus |
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This is the largest section of your stomach. In the body, your stomach contracts and begins to mix food. It holds food until your stomach is ready to send it to your small intestine. |
stomach body |
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The part of the stomach that connects to the duodenum. It is a valve that opens and closes during digestion. This allows partly digested food and other stomach contents to pass from the stomach to the small intestine. |
pylorus |
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this is the lining of the stomach that is composed of gastric pits, where various secretory cells lie |
histology |
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Foveolar cells or surface mucous cells are mucus-producing cells which cover the inside of the stomach, protecting it from the corrosive nature of gastric acid. These cells line the gastric mucosa |
stomach mucus cells |
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what do chief cells secrete |
pepsinogen, gastric lipase |
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A substance made by cells in the stomach. Acid in the stomach changes this to pepsin, which breaks down proteins in food during digestion |
pepsinogen |
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what is the enzyme that breaks down fats |
gasric lipase |
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what do parietal cells secrete |
hydrocholoric acid, and intrinsic factors |
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this kills bacteria and will activate pepsin to break down proteins |
hydrochloric acid |
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this helps the small intestine absorb vitamin B12 |
intrinsic factor |
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this secretes gastrin which causes peristalsis(stomoach contractions) |
g cells |
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peristalsis is |
stomach contractions |
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this is a mixture of gastric juices with food |
chyme |
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water, ions, short chain fatty acids and some drugs. |
stomach absorption |
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what will move the stomach contents through the pyloric sphincter into the small intestine |
gastric empyting |
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how long does emptying the stomach occur after eating |
1-2 hours after eating |
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what type of foods are slower to leave the stomach |
fat rich foods |
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what type of foods are quicker to leave the stomach |
protein rich foods, and carb rich foods |
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what are the regions of the small intestine |
duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
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the first part of the small intestine immediately beyond the stomach, leading to the jejunum
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duodenum |
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what helps to further digest food coming from the stomach. It absorbs nutrients (vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, proteins) and water from food so they can be used by the body. |
jejunum |
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what connects to the cecum (first part of the large intestine). This helps to further digest food coming from the stomach and other parts of the small intestine. It absorbs nutrients (vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, proteins) and water from food so they can be used by the body
|
ileum |
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what are the lining of the small intestine |
circular folds, villi, intestinal glands |
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what are the transverse folds of mucosa found predominantly in the distal duodenum and proximal jejunum |
circular folds |
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this contains absorptive cells with microvilli, which are folds in plasma membrane on absorptive cells that increase surface area |
villi |
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what is the gland found in between villi in the intestinal epithelium lining of the small intestine and large intestine (or colon). |
intestinal gland |
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what produces hormone-producing cells that are sprinkled throughout the gut epithelium
|
enteroendocrine |
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what three cells does enteroendocrine cell secrete |
cholecystokinin, secretin, paneth cells |
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this increases pancreatic juice and bile from the gallbladder |
cholecystokinin |
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this stimulates pancreatic secretions |
secretin |
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what secretes lysozyme |
paneth cells |
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where does the majority of digestion and absorption take place |
small intestine |
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what are the two types of muscular movements in the small intestine |
segmentations, and peristalsis |
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what will mix secretions with chime |
segmentations |
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what moves the chyme throught the small intestine |
peristalsis |
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where is most of the food and materials absorbed by |
the small intestine (90%) |
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what are sugars, amino acids, and short chain fatty acids absorbed through |
absorptive cells |
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where do sugars, amino acids, and short chain fatty acids go to once they are absorbed by the absorptive cells |
in the bloodstream |
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where will the absorptive cells traves throught |
the hepatic portal circulation |
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where does the hepatic portal circulation lead absorptive cell to |
the liver for processing |
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where are fats packaged |
into chylomicrons |
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a droplet of fat present in the blood or lymph after absorption from the small intestine
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chylomicrons |
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A blood vessel that carries blood to the liver from the intestines, spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder
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hepatic portal circulation |
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where does a fat traves |
to a lacteal then through the lymphatic system finally into the general circulation |
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how long does chyme remain in the small intestine |
3-5 hours |
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what absorbs water and eliminates waste |
large intestine |
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how long is the large intestine |
5 ft long and 2.5 inches wide |
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where does the large intestine extend from |
from the ileum to the anus |
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what is the large intestine attached to |
the posterior abdominal wall |
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what attached the large intestine to the posterior abdominal wall |
mesocolon |
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what are the segments of the large intestine |
cecum, colon, rectum, anus |
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ileocecal valve regulates the movement of material from the small intestine into cecum |
cecum |
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the main part of the large intestine, which passes from the cecum to the rectum and absorbs water and electrolytes from food that has remained undigested
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colon |
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the first main part of the large intestine, which passes upward from the cecum on the right side of the abdomen
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ascending colon |
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the middle part of the large intestine, passing across the abdomen from right to left below the stomach.
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transverse colon |
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the part of the large intestine that passes downward on the left side of the abdomen toward the rectum.
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descending colon |
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the S-shaped last part of the large intestine, leading into the rectum
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sigmoid |
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the final section of the large intestine, terminating at the anus.
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rectum |
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this contains internal(involuntary) and external (voluntary) anal sphincters |
Anus |
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what is the longitudinal muscle centralized for strengthened contractions |
teniae coli |
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what is the sac like segments that each colon is divided into where haustral churning occurs |
haustra |
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haustral churning, peristalsis, and mass peristalsis driving the contents of the colon into the rectum are what |
functions of the large intestine |
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bacteria in the large intestine converts protein into what |
amino acids |
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bacteria in the large intestine do what to amino acids |
break them down |
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bacteria in the large intestine will produce what |
some B and K vitamins |
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this is 9% of ingested materials, including water, ions, and vitamins |
this is only 1% of the material entering the GI tract is lost of feces |
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the discharge of feces from the body
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defecation |
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the liver is divided into these hexagonal structures, each corner is bordered by a hepatic artery, hepatic vein, and bile duct |
lobules |
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what are the four lobules |
sinusoids, hepatocytes, stellate reticuloendothelial cells, and bile canaliculi |
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fluid from hepatic vein pools into sinusoids where it can be absorbed by hepatocytes |
sinusoids |
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metabolize incoming nutrients, toxins, and make bile |
hepatocytes |
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macrophages that work to kill bacteria |
stellate reticuloendothelial cells |
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this drains bile produced by hepatocytes |
bile canaliculi |
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what do bile salts bread down |
large lipids |
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how do bile salts break down large lipeds |
through emulsification |
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what does bile pigment consist mainly of |
bilirubin |
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what is the bile route |
right and left hepatic ducts common hepatic duct cystic duct common bile duct |
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this stores bile and releases it into the duodenum through the common bile duct when stimulated by CCK |
gall bladder |
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what secrete pancreatic juice |
pancreatic acinar cells |
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what does pancreatic juice consists of |
pancreatic amylase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, pancreatic lipase, ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease |
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where does the pancreatic juice flow into |
into the duodenum through the pancreatic duct |
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a large gland behind the stomach which secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum. Embedded in the pancreas are the islets of Langerhans, which secrete into the blood the hormones insulin and glucagon
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pancreas |
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what is digestion controlled by |
enteric nervous system |
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what is the enteric nervous system controlled by |
the ANS |
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what does ENS motor neurons control |
muscle movements and secretions within the GI tract |
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what does ENS sensory neurons detect |
presence of food |
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how does ENS sensory neurons detect the presence of food |
using chemical and mechanical stretch receptors within the gastrointestinal organs |
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digestion occurs in three overlapping phases |
cephalic phase, gastric phase, and intestinal phase |
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this responds to the sensation of food( smell taste, and sight) and prepares the mouth and stomach to recieve it |
cephalic phase |
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this continues gastric secretions and motility, mixing food and regulating gastric emptying |
gastric phase |
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this promotes digestion through the small intestine and inhibits gastric emptying |
intestinal phase |
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this is bony and forms most of the roof of the mouth |
hard palate |
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this is muscular and forms the rest of the mouths roof |
soft palate |
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this covers tooth sockets and help to anchor teeth |
gums |
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this forms the floor of the mouth, manipulates food for chewing and swallowing, shapes food, and senses taste |
fongue |
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this limits movement of the tongue posteriorly |
lingual frenulum |
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involves the contraction of the tongue to push the bolus up against the soft palate and then posteriorly into the oropharynx by both the tongue and the soft palate. |
deglutition voluntary stage |
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a rapid phase of muscle contraction to propel the bolus through the upper esophageal sphincter and into the esophagus
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deglutition pharyngeal stage |
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The food bolus is forced inferiorly from the pharynx into the esophagus after the sequential contraction of the three pharyngeal constrictor muscles
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deglutition esophageal stage |
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what is the main function of the liver |
metabolize nutrients and toxins and produce bile |
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where is bile made |
in the liver |
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drains bile from the right functional lobe of the liver |
right heptaic duct |
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drains bile from the left functional lobe of the liver
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left heptaic duct |
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first part of the biliary tract. It is formed by the convergence of the right and left hepatic duct
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hepatic duct |
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the process of dispersing two or more immiscible liquids together to form a semistable mixture
|
emulsification |
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what is the main function of the pancreas |
producing enzymes to break down biological molecules |