Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is a speedball?
|
the intravenous administration of a heroin/morphine and cocaine/amphetamine mixture
|
|
Provide names for stimulants of the following categories:
1)Amphetamines 2)methamphetamines 3)cocaine 4)methylphenidate 5)atomoxine 6)cigarettes |
1: benzedrine, dexedrine, adderall
2: desoxyn, yaba 3. cocaine 4. ritalin, concerta, metadate 5. straterra 6. nicotine |
|
Name three cocaine derivatives, and identify them as synthetic or natural
|
Synthetic cocaine derivatives:
-novocaine, xylocaine (lidocaine) |
|
Name 4 methylxanthines
|
caffeine, theophylline, theobromine, Modafinil
|
|
Name two observations made in the 1920s about the effects of ma huang
|
1. it is effective when taken orally
2. active compound is similar to norepinephrine in its effects on the cardiovascular system |
|
are amphetamines, methylphenidate, PPA, novocaine and lidocaine and methamphetamines natural or synthetic stimulants?
|
Synthetics
|
|
Name the early legislative attempts to control cocaine use
|
- Pure food and drug act 1906 which required labels that announced cocaine presence and made it illegal to claim that cocaine was non-habit forming.
-Harrison Narcotics Act 1914 which levied taxes and tons of paperwork made mandatory to deter people from getting opiates and cocaine -Comprehensive Drug abuse and prevention and control act of 1970 which created scheme for classifying drugs based on their dependency potentials and medical usefulness |
|
cocaine was equated with which group of people and what behaviors by the media
|
southern blacks; crime wave in the south
|
|
What is Bolivia pushing for, in regards to coca and cocaine?
|
Yes to coca, but no to cocaine. Coca has many uses, things like soap, toothpaste, flour can be made. But cocaine traffic is shifting to bolivia.
|
|
What two countries rank higher than bolivia as cocaine suppliers?
|
Columbia and Peru
|
|
Why did amphetamine use not have as negative a stigma as cocaine did in the 1940s?
|
because amphetamines were being used as medicine: respiratory problems, sleep disorders, obesity, fatigue
|
|
What are the four routes of administration for the stimulants?
|
One Enteral - Oral
three parenteral -topical intranasal -pulmonary -injection |
|
which group of stimulants is mostly ingested via enteral route?
|
methylxanthines
|
|
which two parenteral routes are common to the illegal use of cocaine and methamphetamine?
|
1. snorting (topical)
2. free base smoking (pulmonary) |
|
cocaine derivatives can be used to numb pain. How is this acheived?
|
by injection directly on a nerve bundle or injection near or on the spinal chord.
|
|
compared to the IV route, how fast is the absorption via free-base smoking of cocaine and meth?
|
as fast as IV route!
|
|
what is the most common vehicle for nicotine administration?
|
TOBACCO
|
|
how much nicotine does the tobacco in a single cigarrette usually have?
|
8mg
|
|
the actual dose of nicotine that can be aquired from a cigarette ranges from....
|
.1 mg to over 2 mg.
|
|
Name the organs involved in the excretion of stimulants
|
-Liver which does the biotransformation
-then kidneys excrete the water soluble metabolites |
|
What is unusual about the excretion of amphetamines? It depends on the property of the urine. What is that property?
|
Depends on the acidity of the urine. High acidity will shorten the half life of amphetamines to about 7 to 14 hours. while half life in basic urine is about 16 to 34 hours
|
|
What is the half life of cocaine?
|
40 minutes
|
|
what is the half life of caffeine
|
2 to 4 hours
|
|
what is the half life of ritalin?
|
1 to 2 hours
|
|
what is the half life of nicotine
|
30 to 120 minutes
|
|
what is the half life of modafinil?
|
15 hours
|
|
what is the half life of straterra (atomoxetine?
|
5 hours
|
|
what is the half life of concerta?
|
3.5 hours
|
|
the stimulants are quite reinforcing. How do they accomplish this?
|
VTA projecting to nucleus accumbens which projects to frontal cortex. this pathway is stimulated by stimulants.
|
|
How do amphetamines alter CNS functioning to give rise to behavioral effects?
(4 ways...) |
1. Block reuptake of monoamine NTs by blocking reuptake channels thus allowing more NT to stay in the synapse and bind post-synaptic receptors; especially DA
2. deactivate monoamine oxidase 3. increase the amount of NT released upon neuronal firing 4. directly stimulating the receptors on post-synaptic surface because drug looks enough like the monoamine NT |
|
how does the effect of methamphetamine differ from that of amphetamine?
|
both probably have the same mechanisms; meth has less peripheral activity and more CNS activity than amphetamines
|
|
cocaine and methylphenidate have been shown to share which two mechanism with amphetamines?
|
1. block reuptake of NTs
|
|
Do methylxanines alter the CNS function in the same way that amphetamines and cocaine do? How do they alter CNS activity?
|
No they have been shown to not alter CNS activity as amph/cocaine do.
Caffeine does however inhibit adenosine receptors, which normally bind NTs and exert an inhibitory effect. This means that excitation occurs and stimulation is produced via caffeine |
|
apart from inhibiting adenosine receptor function, in what other two ways does caffeine act on the CNS?
These two effects occur at (High, medium, low) doses of caffeine? |
1. mobilizes intracellular calcium
2. inhibits phosphodiesterase, an enzyme which breaks down NTs effects only occur at HIGH doses |
|
What is the mechanism of action for the effects following nicotine administration?
|
stimulation of ACh receptors in both CNS and PNS
|
|
What is the deal with the drug CHANTIX, marketed as the key to losing your nicotine dependency?
|
get bad dreams. Nicotinic receptors are everywhere in the hippocampus experience altered function so nightmares ensue
|
|
Which component of the Autonomic nervous system is affected by stimulants?
|
sympathetic NS
|
|
me of the general physiological effects of
dosing with stimulants are typical of a sympathetic arousal state: |
increased BP, respiration, and bronchial dilation to enhance oxygenation of blood, pupil dilation, increased heart rate, blood flow shunting to skeletal muscles and away from digestion.
|
|
a consequence of methamphetamine use is meth-mouth. Explain the reasoning behind this?
|
mouth drys up = increased acid concentration in mouth and cravings for high calorie beverages, tooth grinding and its long duration of action leading to extended periods of poor oral hygiene.
|
|
the behavioral consequences of stimulant use are consistent with
PSNS or SNS response? pick one |
sympathetic ns (SNS)
|
|
what are the general behavioral effects of the stimulants
|
Alertness or decreased fatigue and an increased ability to concentrate. insomnia; elevation of mood to the point of euphoria; anorexia.
|
|
what are the behavioral consequences of amphetamines
|
increased alertness; euphoria
|
|
what are the behavioral consequences of cocaine?
|
improved performance; physical performance might be enhanced independent of amphetamine effect of allaying fatigue
|
|
what are the behavioral consequences of methylxanthines
|
not as profound sympathetic stimulation as other stimulants.
-stimulate CNS -relax bronchial muscles -stimulate heart -promote uriniation (diuresis) |
|
arrange the methylxanthines (3) From least CNS stimulation to the most
|
theobromine, caffeine, theophylline
|
|
Methylxanthines -
chocolate literature suggests what effects of chocolate and sucrose on CNS |
1. drive CB1 receptors by releasing anadamide
2. release of endogenous opiates |
|
what are the behavioral consequences of nicotine?
|
improved intellectual performance of nicotine, but negative effect on learning of smoking.
|
|
Nicotine and alzheimer's
|
skin patch administration of nicotine shows improved learning
|
|
What are two toxic reactions to cocaine>
|
Heart attack;
cardiac arythmias and even rupture of aorta -this can occur in normal adults and any route of administration will do it |
|
what are toxic reactions to amphetamine?
|
same as cocaine but less severe. include headache, tremor, dizziness, agitiation, chest pain, heart palpitations, irregular heart rhythms, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and in some cases convulsions leading to death
|