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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3 mediastinal reflections |
Cranioventral, caudoventral, plica vena cava |
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Visible mediastinal structures |
Heart Vasculature - aorta, caudal vena cava Trachea Oesophagus - if it contains air Thymus - in young animals |
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Mediastinal abnormalities |
Mediastinal shift Mediastinal mass Pneumomediastinum Oesophageal/tracheal lesions Effusion |
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What to look for with mediastinal masses? |
Displacement of cranial lung lobes Increased soft tissue opacity Tracheal elevation, depression or deviation Displacement of carina or cardiac shadow |
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Sternal lymph nodes |
Drain abdomen as well as some pleura - may see liver pathology |
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What to look for with pneumomediastinum |
Highlighting of tracheal walls Reduced visibility of tracheal lumen Visualisation of oesophageal wall Visualisation of individual vessels Gas tracking through thoracic inlet Subcutaneous emphysema Signs of trauma/underlying disease |
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Which muscle is quite opaque in the cat? |
Psoas muscle |
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What is normal in feline ribs? |
Mineralised costal cartilage - necessary to compensate for fine ribs |
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When are the pleura visible? |
When tangential to x-ray beam When thickened Where fluid or gas present in space Lobar infiltration |
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Pleural diseases |
Pleural effusion Pneumothorax Pleural mass Pleuritis Pleural thickening Pleural plaques |
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What to look for with pleural effusion |
Displaced lung margins Collapsed lung lobes, increased soft tissue opacity, interlobar fissure lines Masked cardiac shadow Fluid distribution and symmetry Concurrent mass |
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In which direction do interlobar fissure lines curve? |
Opposite direction to costal cartilages (cranially) |
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CT of pleura used to differentiate between |
Effusion and mass |
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Traumatic pneumothorax |
Caused by penetrating wounds |
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Spontaneous pneumothorax |
Occurs secondary to disease or unknown cause |
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Open pneumothorax |
Caused by open wound in chest wall PP |
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Closed pneumothorax |
Leaks from discontinuity in lung wall PP |
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Tension pneumothorax |
Air escapes into pleural cavity through bronchus, can cause shift of mediastinum PP>AP |
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What to look for with pneumothorax |
Displaced lung margins Collapsed lung lobes Defined lobar edge Radiolucency - no lung markings Elevated cardiac shadow Signs of trauma e.g. ribs Asymmetry, soft tissue swelling, fascial plane disruption |
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Diagnoses for pneumothorax |
Superimposition of skin folds Overexposure of lung fields Underperfusion of pulmonary vasculature Pulmonary hyperinflation, emphysema or bullae Prolapsed gasdilated stomach or intestine |
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Pseudopneumothorax |
Skin folds, increased opacity Lung tissue has presence of vasculature |
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Extrapleural sign |
Mass has oblique margins that taper slowly to the chest wall when the lesion is viewed tangentially to the x-ray beam - suggests outside of intrapleura |
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Oesophageal diseases |
Megaoesophagus Vascular ring anomaly Foreign body Stricture-diverticulum Hiatal hernia Neoplasia Trauma/perforation |
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Megaoesophagus |
Gas/fluid/ingesta-filled, enlarged oesophagus Trachea pushed ventrally |
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Tracheal stripe |
Oesophagus filled with air dorsal to stripe - foreign body |
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Assessing normal cardiac size in dogs |
2.5-3.5 intercostal spaces in width 2/3 height of thorax |
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Pericardial effusion |
Individual chamber enlargement not visible Rounded cardiac shadow in both views |
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Pulmonary congestion or cardiogenic pulmonary oedema |
Cranial lobar artery and pulmonary vein with proximal third of 4th rib - vein may be enlarged |
