Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Hyperinsulinemia
|
Excessive blood insulin levels
|
|
|
Hypoglycemia
|
Low blood sugar levels
|
|
|
Hyperglycemia
|
High blood sugar levels
|
|
|
Honeymoon phase
|
Temporary remission in Type I diabetes when beta cells produce insulin again. May last up to one year. May need little to no insulin. May need to be monitored.
|
|
|
Glucagon
|
Maintains blood gluose levels. Secreted from alpha cells
|
|
|
Gastroparesis
|
Paralysis of the stomach cased by damage to the nerves in the autonomic nervous system.
|
|
|
Somatostatin
|
Secreted from delta cells in the pancrease, gut & brain. Inhibits the release & action of glucogen & insulin from the pancreas.
|
|
|
Euglycemia
|
A normal concentration of glucose in the blood
|
|
|
Hyperinsulinemia
|
Excessive blood insulin levels
|
|
|
Hypoglycemia
|
Low blood sugar levels
|
|
|
Hyperglycemia
|
High blood sugar levels
|
|
|
Honeymoon phase
|
Temporary remission in Type I diabetes when beta cells produce insulin again. May last up to one year. May need little to no insulin. May need to be monitored.
|
|
|
Glucagon
|
Maintains blood gluose levels. Secreted from alpha cells
|
|
|
Glycogenesis
|
The formation of glycogen from glucose
|
|
|
Gastroparesis
|
Paralysis of the stomach cased by damage to the nerves in the autonomic nervous system.
|
|
|
Somatostatin
|
Secreted from delta cells in the pancrease, gut & brain. Inhibits the release & action of glucogen & insulin from the pancreas.
|
|
|
Polydipsia
|
Excessive thirst
|
|
|
Polyphagia
|
Excessive hunger
|
|
|
Glycogenolysis
|
The conversion of glycogen to glucose
|
|
|
Ketones
|
A waste product of fat metabolism
|
|
|
Neuropathy
|
Damage to the nerves from diabetes. The leading cause of foot ulcers, wounds & amputations.
|
|
|
Retinopathy
|
Damage to the reina from diabetes. The leading cause of blindness.
|
|
|
Somogyi Effect (Rebound Hypoglycemia)
|
A swing to high levels of glucose from low levels. Usually occurs during the morning from release of stress hormones, epinephrine, cortisol & glycogen.
|
|
|
Nephropathy
|
Damage to the kidneys from diabetes. The leading cause of kidney failure
|
|
|
Dawn Phenomenon
|
A nighttime release of growth hormone that causes blood glycose elevations at about 5-6 am. Treated by providing an intermediate acting dose at 10 pm
|
|
|
Sulfonylureas
|
Cause pancreas to make more insulin
|
|
|
Biguanides
|
Reduces the amount of flucophage glucose that is made by the liver & helps body better use insulin.
|
|
|
Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors
|
helps keep blood sugar in target cell range after a meal
|
|
|
Kussmaul Respiration's
|
Increased rate & depth in an attempt to excrete more carbon dioxide & acid.
|
|
|
Macrovascular Disease
|
Cornoary dises, cerebrovascular problems & peripheral vascular disease.
|
|
|
Microvascular Disease
|
Complications in retina of eye, nephron of kidney & neurons of the body
|
|
|
DKA - Uncontrolled Hyperglycemia
|
Over time it creates a buildup in the blood of acidic waste products called ketones.
|
|
|
FBS
|
Finger Blood Glucose
|
|
|
SMBG
|
Self monitored blood glucose. Checking your level frequently
|
|
|
FPG
|
Fasting Plasma Glucose - fasting before having blood drawn
|
|
|
ESRD
|
End Stage Renal Disease
|
|
|
HbA1c - Glycosylated Hemoglobin
|
A test that measures how high your BS has been over the last 90 days - the lifespan of the RBC's.
|
|
|
OGTT
|
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test - drawing blood for a fasting plasma blood glucose test, drink sweet drink, then draw again 2 hrs later to check blood glucose level.
|
|
|
Where is Glucagin produced?
|
In the pancreas
|
|
|
What is Diabetes?
|
A group of disorders categorized by a glucose intolerance. A disease that is caused by an imbalnace between insulin supply & demand. Person has insufficient or ineffective insulin.
|
|
|
What are symptoms of Hyperglycemia?
|
Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia
|
|
|
Metabolic Acidosis
|
When ketones accumulate in the blood when glucose isn't available
|
|
|
Hemoconcentration
|
Increase of blood concentration
|
|
|
Hypovolemia
|
Decrease in blood volume
|
|
|
Hyperviscosity
|
Thick concentrated blood
|
|
|
Hypoperfusion
|
Decrease in circulation
|
|
|
Hypoxia
|
Not enough )2 to cells. These cells are unable to metabolize cells efficiently, Kreb cycle is blockes & you have lactic acid build up which sets stage for more acidosis.
|
|
|
Clinical manifestations as disease progresses:
|
slow wound healing, parasthesias (unusual sensations in extremities), thrush, vaginal infections, peripheral vascular disease which effects primarily the feet, blurry vision, frequent UTI's
|
|
|
What does insulin do?
|
It lowers blood glucose by facilitating the uptake & utilization of muscles & fat cells. It decreases the release of glucose from liver.
|
|
|
Tissue Hypertrophy (lipohypertrophy)
|
Is a thickening of SQ tissue, soft & lumpy and is prevented by rotating injection sites.
|
|
|
Adrenergic S/S
|
weak, palpitations & sweating
|
|
|
How do you manage Diabetes?
|
1. frequent self monitoring of glucose.
2. check for ketones & HGBA1c. 3. carefull meal planning 4. exercise - walking 5. insulin regimine - onset, peak, duration 6. check eyesight |
|
|
3 Complications of Diabetes
|
1. Hypoglycemic Reaction
2. Diabetic Ketoacidosis 3. HHNKS - Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketonic syndrome |
|
|
HHNS - Hyperglycemic-hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome
|
Associated with insulin deficiency, profound dehydration, adn the absence of ketosis
|
|
|
Hypoglycemia
|
Occurs when too much insulin or too little glucose is present.
|
|
|
Albuminuria
|
The presence of albumin in the urine
|
|
|
Hyperinsulinemia
|
Excessive blood insulin levels
|
|
|
Hyperlipidemia
|
Excessive blood levels of cholesterol & other fats.
|
|
|
Microalbuminuria
|
Presence of very small amounts of albumin in the urine.
|
|
|
Proteinuria
|
Protein in the urine
|
|
|
Type 1 Diabetes
|
Is an autoimmune disorder in which beta-cell destruction in the pancreas occurs.
|
|
|
Type 2 Diabetes
|
The presence of antibodies in the bloodClients with type 2 have a reduction in the ability of most cells to respond to insulin (insulin resistance)
|
|
|
What ethnic groups have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes?
|
African Americans, Hispanics, Native Americans.
|
|
|
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
|
The most sensitive test for the diagnosis of diabetes, although it is not routinely used, except in diagnosis of gestational diabetes.
|
|
|
What is the normal range for adults for a Fasting Blood glucose test?
|
< 110 mg/dl (6.1 mmol/L)
Levels > 126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L) obtained on at least two occasions are diagnostic of diabetes, even in older adults. |
|
|
What is the normal range for adults for a Glucose Tolerance Test (2-hour post load result)
|
< 140 mg/dl (7.8 mmol/l)
Levels >140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L0 and < 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) indicate impared glucose tolerance. Levels > 200 mg/dl (11.1 mmol/L) indicate provisional diagnosis of diabetes. |
|
|
What is the normal range for adults for a Glycosylated hemoglobin (hemoglobin A1c test)
|
4% - 6%.
Levels over 8% indicate poor diabetic control with need for adherence to regimen or changes in therapy. |
|
|
Symptoms of Hypoglycemia
|
Headache
confusion slurred speech behavior changes coma warm weak faint dizzy blurred vision |
