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184 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The all-time high for lifetime drug usage in the United States was in:
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1978
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Child sexual abuse is most common:
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Just after puberty
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The hormone that causes gonads to increase dramatically the production of estrogen and testosterone is...
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GnRH
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During puberty, the direction of growth is...
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The opposite of proximal-distal
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The biological events that begin puberty involve a hormonal signal from the...
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hypothalamus
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During middle school, academic achievement...
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slows down
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Compared with younger children, when thinking about historical or political problems, adolescents tend to:
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Consider more possibilities
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A criticism of high-stakes testing is that?
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it destroys learning with its focus on test scores
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Elle, an adolescent, believes that government should pay for citizens' health care. From this premise, she reasons about the particulars of how and why government-funded health care would work. This is an example of
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Deductive reasoning
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Nate's parents engage in very high parental monitoring and control. Compared with Nate's peers whose parents engage in less parental monitoring, Nate is more likely to:
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Be depressed
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The most typical sequence of identity status is:
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diffusion, moratorium, achievement
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1 in __ adolescent girls are affected by clinical depression
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5
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how many emerging adults reach the standard of 30 minutes of exercise, five days a week?
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two thirds
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The rate of violent deaths among young men is highest in
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The US
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Recent research indicates that attitudes about the purpose of sex fall into which of the following three categories?
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reproduction, relationship, and recreation
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Fifty-year-olds can expect to retain ______ percent of muscle strength they had at age 20.
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90
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A large university is attempting to reduce student alcohol and nicotine use. A survey was distributed to all students, and the results were published in the student newspaper. Fewer students than anticipated drank and smoked, much to many students' surprise. The university conducted this research using:
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The social norms approach
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Drug abuse is more prevalent in early adulthood than in...
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adolescence
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In the stereotype-threat study in which college students were taught about intelligence research, which group showed the most improvement in attitudes about academic achievement and grades?
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black students who were taught that intelligence is malleable
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After Brenda finished college and began working in her chosen field, she saw her life becoming:
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Less playful and more practical
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Cross-cultural research on thinking has demonstrated that compared to Asians, Americans are more likely to
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arrive at one answer
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Mark has finished graduate school, and at age 30 he is established in his career and is married with two children. His approach to problems has changed since he was an adolescent. Now, he is more likely to:
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see life's answers as conditional rather than permanent.
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In an essay, Michelle begins by writing that knowing the truth sets people free. In her next paragraph, she opposes this with the idea that knowing the truth often involves learning about limitations and constraints on freedom. In her third paragraph, Michelle integrates these two perspectives. Michelle's essay best demonstrates:
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Dialectical thinking
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Students who agree that some cheating is necessary to get the grades they want are more likely to attend:
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Universities
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According to research, the chance of any particular partner with the same interest in three favorite leisure activities and with similar opinions about three important role preferences is:
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1%
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A heightened sense of well-being is common between the ages of 18 to 24. Reasons for this increase in positive emotion include:
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leaving high school and separating from dysfunctional families.
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The view that marriage is an arrangement in which each partner contributes something useful to the other, is part of the:
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Social exchange theory
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What is the estimated incidence of diagnosed anxiety disorders in United States residents under the age of 25?
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25%
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Jacob's mother was schizophrenic so he was sent to live with his grandparents. Now at age 22, he is experiencing severe stress due to his grandfather's death and his own search for employment. He is starting to display some symptoms of schizophrenia. According to developmentalists, Jacob is exhibiting the:
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Diathesis-stress model
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Average age girls begin puberty
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9
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Average age boys begin puberty
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9 1/2
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3 factors affecting when puberty starts
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Genes, Body Fat and Stress
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Fowler's 6 stages of faith
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1) Intuitive-Projective
2) Mythic-Literal 3) Synthetic-Conventional 4) Individual-Reflective 5) Conjunctive Faith 6) Universalizing Faith |
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1) Intuitive-Projective Faith
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Faith is magical, illogical, imaginative and filled with fantasy
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2) Mythic-Literal faith
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Individuals talk the myths and stories of religion literally, believing simplistically in the power of symbols
God rewards those who follow his laws and punishes others |
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3) Synthetic-Conventional faith
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Conformist stage
What feels right Conventional, reflecting concern about other people |
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4) Individual-Reflective faith
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Intellectual detachment from the values of culture and from the approval of other people
College may be a springboard to this stage Learn to question authority and rely on own understanding |
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5) Conjunctive Faith
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Incorporates both powerful unconscious ideas and rational, conscious values
Willing to accept contradictions |
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6) Universalizing Faith
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Powerful vision of universal compassion, justice and love
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Growth spurt in girls begins at about age
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10-11
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Growth spurt in boys begins at about age
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12-13
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HPA axis
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Hypothalamus -> pituitary -> adrenal glands -> make hormones
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Secular Trend
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Puberty starting sooner because of better nutrition and less physical labor
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Menarche tends to occur when girls reach __ lbs
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100
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Compared to 20 years ago, teen pregnancy and abortion rates are...
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down
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15-24 year olds make up 1/4 of the population and contract ___ of the STIs
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one half
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Characteristics of Formal Operational Thought
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Hypothetical thinking, deductive and inductive reasoning,
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Adolescents and work
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Work gives less time for school, money goes to non-essentials, those who work are more likely to use drugs
But stable work history established |
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Erikson Stages
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Trust v Mistrust
Autonomy v Shame and Doubt Initiative v Guilt Industry v Inferiority Identity v Diffusion Intimacy v Isolation |
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Example of an acceptable false self
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Results from real self being rejected - being cut from a sports team
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Example of a pleasing false self
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Results from trying to impress others - being the class clown
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Example of an experimental false self
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Substance use
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Generational stake
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People look at things from their own generation's viewpoint
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4 factors positively affecting parent-adolescent realtionships
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Communication
Support Connectiveness Control/Monitoring |
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Positive functions of peers
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Pubertal self help
Social support Identity formation Values clarification |
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Developmental path of romantic attraction
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Same gender groups
Same gender cliques Mixed gender groups Couples |
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__ % of high school seniors have tried alcohol
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75%
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Predictors of suicide
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Past attempts, intention, detailed plan, depression, substance abuse, access means to carry out
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Use of contraception ___ in emerging adulthood
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increases
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Perry's model of cognitive development
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1) Dualism. pre-reflective thinking
2) Multiplicity, Quasi-Reflective Thinking 3) Contextual Relativism 4) Commitment within Relativism |
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Perry 1) Dualism, Pre-Reflective Thinking
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Completely unquestioned view of truth as absolute truth
No tolerance for other points of view |
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Perry 2) Multiplicity, Quasi-Reflective Thinking
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First acknowledgment of legitimate uncertainty
We'll never know for sure |
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Perry 3) Contextual Relativism
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Switch from a vision of the world as dualistic to relativistic
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Perry 4) Commitment within Relativism
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Defining one's identity in a relativistic world
Move toward increasing conjecture, uncertainty and interpretation |
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Pituitary
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Gland in the brain
Responds to hypothalamus and produces hormones that regulate growth and control other glands |
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Adrenal glands
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Secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine, hormones that prepare the body to deal with emergencies or stress
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Secular trend
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Tendency toward earlier and larger growth that has occurred among adolescents over the past two centuries
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Generational forgetting
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Each generation forgets what earlier generations had already learned about harmful drugs
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Adolescent egocentrism
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See themselves as much more socially significant than they actually are
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Invincibility fable
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Adolescents feel that they are immune to the dangers of risky behaviors
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Imaginary audience
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Created by adolescents because they assume that others are as intensely in them as they themselves are
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Formal operational thought
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More systematic logic and the ability to think about abstract ideas
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Deductive reasoning
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Thinking that moves from the general to the specific, of from a premise to a logical conclusion
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Inductive reasoning
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Thinking that moves from one or more specific experiences or facts to a general conclusion
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Intuitive thought
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That which arises from a hunch or emotion, often triggered by past experiences, cultural assumptions and sudden impulse
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Analytic thought
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Logical thinking that arises from rational analysis and the systematic evaluation of consequences and possibilities
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Erikson's crisis of adolescence
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Identity v diffusion
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Identity achievement
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Adolescents attain their new identities by establishing their own goals and values and abandoning some of those set by their parents and culture and accepting others
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Identity diffusion
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Have few commitments to goals or values and are often apathetic about trying to find an identity
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Foreclosure
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Adolescent forms an identity prematurely, accepting parents' or society's roles and values wholesale
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Moratorium
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Timeout during which they experiment with alternative identities without trying to settle on any one
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Gender identity
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Person's self-identification as either male or female
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Parental monitoring
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Parental awareness about where one's child is, what he or she is doing and with whom
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Deviancy training
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Destructive peer pressure to rebel against authority or social norms
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Peer selection
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Ongoing process in which adolescents choose friends on the basis of shared interests and values
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Peer facilitation
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The encouragement adolescents give one another to engage in behaviors they would not otherwise do alone
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Suicidal ideation
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Thinking about committing suicide
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Parasuicide
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A deliberate act of self-destruction that does not result in death
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Incidence
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How often a particular circumstance occurs
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Prevalence
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How widespread within a population a particular behavior or circumstance is
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Senescence
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Age related gradual physical decline throughout the body
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Homeostasis
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Process by which body functions are automatically adjusted to keep our physiological functioning in a state of balance
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Organ reserve
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Extra capacity of each body organ for responding to unusually stressful events or conditions that demand intense or prolonged effort
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Set point
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The specific body weight that a person's homeostatic processes strive to maintain
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Edgework
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Recreational activities and jobs that entail some risk or danger
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Delay discounting
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Tendency to devalue the future consequences of behaviors such as drug use, in favor of more immediate gratification
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Social norms approach
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Reducing risky behaviors using survey data regarding the prevalence or risky behaviors to make emerging adults more aware of social norms
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Postformal thought
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Suited to solving real-world problems and is more practical, more flexible and more dialectical than adolescent thought
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Subjective thought
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Thinking that arises from our personal experiences and perceptions
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Objective thought
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Thinking that follows abstract, impersonal logic
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Dialectical thought
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Thinking that involves considering both poles of an idea (thesis and its antithesis) simultaneously and then forging them into a synthesis
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Synthesis
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Reconciles thesis and antithesis into a new, more comprehensive level of truth
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Morality of care
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Give human needs and relationships the highest priority
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Morality of justice
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Emphasis is on distinguishing right from wrong
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Erikson's crisis of emerging adulthood
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Intimacy vs. Isolation
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Gateways to attraction
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Physical attractiveness
Availability Frequent exposure Absence of exclusion criteria |
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Social homogamy
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Similarity in leisure interests and role preferences
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Common couple violence
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Form of abuse in which both partners engage in outbursts of verbal and physical attack
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Intimate terrorism
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Husband uses violent methods of accelerating intensity to isolate, degrade and punish the wife
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Diathesis-stress model
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Mental disorders are caused by the interaction of a genetic vulnerability with stressful life events
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Hikikomori
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Common anxiety disorder in Japan in which emerging adults refuse to leave their rooms
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The physical changes of puberty usually take __ years to complete
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4
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Girls are about __ years ahead of boys in height
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2
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Menarche seems to be related to the accumulation of a certain amount of body ___
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fat
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Family stress may ___ the onset of puberty
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accelerate
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During the growth spurt, growth proceeds from...
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The extremities to the core
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During puberty, heart rate ___ and blood volume ___
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decreases
increases |
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During puberty one organ system decreases in size
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lymphoid system
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The brain's limbic system matures ___ the prefrontal cortex
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before
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The limbic system predominates in ___ reactions
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quick and emotional
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The prefrontal cortex coordinates ___ functions
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executive
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One reasons have more STIs than other age groups
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Less natural biological defenses
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Alcohol impairs memory and self control by damaging the brain's...
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hippocampus and prefrontal cortex
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Drug addiction
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Needing the drug to feel normal
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Sequence of pubertal growth in girls
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Breasts and pubic hair
Growth spurt in which fat is deposited on hips and butt Menarche Ovulation |
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HPA axis
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Route followed by many hormones to regulate stress, growth, sleep and appetite
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For males, the secondary sex characteristic that usually occurs last is...
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facial hair
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Sequence of pubertal events in boys
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Pubic hair, first ejaculation, growth spurt, lowering of voice, facial hair
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Teenage pregnancy is at a greater risk for...
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Low birth weight, high blood pressure and stillbirth
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The number of substantiated victims of sexual abuse is greatest among children ages
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12 to 15
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Adolescent egocentrism
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I am uniquely significant and the social world revolves around me
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Formal operational adolescents imagine all possible __ of a problem's solution
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determinants
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3 types of curriculum
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Intended
Implemented Attained |
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Many psychologists consider the distinguishing feature of adolescent thought to be the ability to think in terms of...
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possibility, not just reality
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Thinking that begins with a general premise and then draws logical conclusions from it is called...
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Deductive reasoning
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One problem with many high schools is that the formal curriculum ignores the fact that adolescents thrive on...
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Intellectual challenges that require social interaction
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Thinking that extrapolates from a specific experience to form a general premise is called...
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inductive reasoning
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The pathways that form the brain's dual processing networks involve the...
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Prefrontal cortex and the limbic system
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The "low-ebb" of learning is the...
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first year of middle school
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Erikson's 4 aspects of identity
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Religion, sex, politics(ethnicity) and vocation
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Too much parental monitoring may lead to...
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depression
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Adolescents who discuss sex openly with their parents...
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Take fewer risks
Avoid peer pressure to have sex when they don't want to Believe their parents provide useful info |
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From late childhood through adolescence, people generally feel (more/less) competent each year
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less
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4 factors that affect whether thinking about suicide leads to an attempt
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Availability of guns
Parental supervision Availability of drugs and alcohol Culture |
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The rate of suicide is higher for...
The rate or parasuicide is higher for... |
males
females |
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Adolescent limited offenders
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criminal activity stops by age 21
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Life course persistent offenders
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become career criminals
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A large group of adolescents who share common interests
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crowd
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3 early predictor of life course persistent offenders
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Short attention span, hyperactivity, neurological impairment
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Arrests peak at age...
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16
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Statistically, the person least likely to commit a crime is an
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Asian American female
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Generation next
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ages 18-25
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Generation X
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ages 25-40
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Baby boomers
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ages 40-60
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Seniors
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60+
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Serial monogamy
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One steady partner
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Calculate BMI
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weight / (height squared)
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Most eating disorders are especially prevalent
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Emerging adulthood
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The age of first marriage in the US today
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25 in women
27 in men |
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According to Epigenetic theory, eating disorders are more common in young women who
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fear sex and motherhood
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Maximum strength potential typically beings to decline by age
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30
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Organ reserve
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Extra capacity for responding to stressful events
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Emerging adults are more vulnerable to
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Eating disorders
Violent death Drug abuse |
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__% of all emerging adults in the US have had at least one STI
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50%
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Compared to adolescent thinking, adult thinking is more...
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Practical, flexible and dialectical
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Subjective thinking
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Arises from the personal experiences and perceptions of an individual
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Objective thinking
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Follows abstract logic
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Adults are more likely to demonstrate __ __ when suggesting solutions to real life problems
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Cognitive flexibility
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Differences in the reasoning maturity of adolescents and young adults are most likely to be apparent when...
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Emotionally charges issues are involved
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A hallmark of mature adult thought is the
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Reconciliation of both objective and subjective approaches to real life problems
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According to Fowler, the experience of college often is a springboard to
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Individual-reflective faith
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The typical outcome of college education is that students become...
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More committed to a particular values
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Only intimacy
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liking
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Only passion
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infatuation
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Only commitment
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Empty love
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Passion and intimacy
no commitment |
Romantic love
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Passion and commitment
No Intimacy |
Fatuous love
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Intimacy and commitment
No passion |
Companionate Love
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Passion, intimacy AND Commitment
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Consummate love
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Equity
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The extent to which the partners perceive equality in the relationship
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Social exchange theory
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Marriage is an arrangement in which each person contributed something useful to the other
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Schizophrenia can be caused by
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Genetics
Malnutrition when brain is developing Social pressure |
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Between the ages of 18 and 27, the average worker in the US has how many jobs?
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8
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Self-expansion
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People enlarge their understanding, resources and experiences through intimate friends
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