Deviant Behavior Final Articles Spring 2011

Front 1

“On Being Sane in Insane Places” two concerns

Back 1

D.L. Rosenhan
1. The risk of distorted perceptions is always present. The magnitude of distortion is exceedingly high in the extreme context that is a psychiatric hospital.
2. there needs to be an increase in sensitivity of mental health workers and researchers to the catch 22 position of psychiatric patients

Front 2

“On Being Sane in Insane Places” study

Back 2

D.L. Rosenhan
- Sent 8 people to 8 different hospitals to say they’ve been hearing voices (neutral term) all were admitted and diagnosed as schizophrenics
- People were told to act normal once they were admitted, and start taking notes
- People in facility labeled people as OCD
- Real patients could tell they were faking
- Released as schizophrenic “in remission” all between 7 and 54 days, and wrote an article about it and the medical community was livid.

Front 3

“On Being Sane in Insane Places” The consequences to patients hospitalized

Back 3

D.L. Rosenhan
the powerlessness, depersonalization, segregation, mortification, and self-labeling—seem undoubtedly counter therapeutic.

Front 4

“Tearoom Trade”

Back 4

- Laud Humphries
- Public restrooms and other locales where men engage in homosexual acts.

Front 5

“Tearoom Trade”

Back 5

- Laud Humphries
- The men are in search of “instant sex”
- he are married or unmarried, those with heterosexual identities and those whose self-image is a homosexual one
- "The hunting season” April-Oct
- easily recognized by the initiate and provide little public visibility
-Tearooms can be easily identifiable, often off expressways or in parks. If 2 cars are parked in front of a restroom, it’s probably a tearoom.
- -Often never exchanged words: this will guarantee anonymity, to assure the impersonality of the sexual liaison

Front 6

“Denying the Guilty Mind..
account

Back 6

- Michael Benson
- a statement made to explain unanticipated or untoward behaviors

Front 7

“Denying the Guilty Mind.. 2 types of account

Back 7

- Michael Benson
- 1. Justification: actor admits responsibility for the act in question but denies its pejorative content
2. Excuses: actor admits the act in question is wrong but denies having full responsibility for it

Front 8

“Denying the Guilty Mind.. Apology

Back 8

- Michael Benson
- actor admits rule violation, accepts the validity of rule and expresses embarrassment and anger at himself

Front 9

“Denying the Guilty Mind..
2 perspectives:

Back 9

- Michael Benson
- 1. Impression Mang’t: exonerate himself and avoid being labeled criminal
2. Indicators of offender’s cognitive structure: interprets what he did himself

Front 10

“Denying the Guilty Mind..
Accounts are important because:

Back 10

. Shed light on neutralization and vocabularies of motive and help understand the causes of the crime at the individual and situational level.
2. Impression mang’t: illuminate underlying assumptions about what constitutes culpable criminality vs. acceptable illegalities
3. More successful at minimizing the sanctions they receive by virtue of the sufficiency of their accounts

Front 11

“Denying the Guilty Mind..
study

Back 11

Micheal Benson
- Focus of article is on how offenders attempt to defeat the success of this ceremony and deny their own criminality through the use of accounts
- Lack of individual victims helps the offender in using neutralization techniques of denying the victim and the harm.

Front 12

“Denying the Guilty Mind..
2 elements of significance

Back 12

- Micheal Benso
(1) the seriousness of the offense
(2) the blameworthiness of the offender

Front 13

“Dialing for Dollars: study

Back 13

- Neal Shover
- Fraudulent telemarketers possess unique skills that enable them to exercise control over their victims.
- Positive self definitions are maintained as telemarketers “neutralize” potential guilt by casting their “customers” as greedy, gullible, and defining their occupational activity as merely a variant of “normal” business practices.
- characteristics/dynamics of a formal organization
- unexceptional educations
- not one time or accidental criminals
- primary attraction income
- ive lavish lifestyles. Drugs, girls, booze, gambling
-

Front 14

“Dialing for Dollars: Fraud and Contemporary fraud

Back 14

- Neal Shover
- Fraud is committed when misrepresentation or deception is used to secure unfair or unlawful gain, typically by creating and exploiting the appearance of a routine transaction
Contemporary fraud is nonconfrontational, violates trust, and can be carried out over long distance.

Front 15

“Dialing for Dollars: Neutralization techniques

Back 15

- Neal Shover
- They were confronted with a situation in which their personal and social identities were potentially degraded. So they adopted perspectives that guarded against self-blame and moral rejection. (Techniques of neutralization)
- They didn’t feel concern or sympathy for there victims “Denial of the victim” rationale

Front 16

“Marks of Mischief: Becoming and Being Tattooed” functions of a tattoo

Back 16

- Clinton Sanders
-Tattoos can also identify the bearer as a member of a select group.
- Can be used to demonstrate connection and commitment to a group; i.e.” military personnel, motorcycle gang, or sports team
-Tattoos’ can be symbolic representations of how one conceives of the self or interests and activities which are key features of self definition.
- Male tattoo is an identify symbol, where women’s are primarily decorative.
- Tattooed people voluntarily shape their social identities and enhance their definitions of self
- Tattooees choose to mark heir bodies with indelible symbols of what they see themselves to be

Front 17

“Marks of Mischief: Becoming and Being Tattooed” study

Back 17

- Clinton Sanders
- Those who choose to permanently modify their bodies in ways that violate prevailing appearance norms or who reject culturally prescribed alterations, risk being defined as socially or morally inferior
- Becoming tattooed is a highly social act
- Hiding the fact that one is tattooed, thereby avoiding negative social response, is difficult when the “other” is a person with whom the tattooee is intimately associated
- Tattooists have the most immediate and practical interest in the organized destigmatization of tattooing, redefinition of tattooing as an art form expands the tattoo market

Front 18

“The Meaning of Social Controls”
Study

Back 18

- Peter Berger
- Article examines how informal social control mechanisms constrain human behavior in everyday interactions.
- Social control: the various means used by a society to bring its recalcitrant members back into line.
- No society can exist without social control
- Oldest means of social control: physical violence.
- The constant use of violence would be impractical and also ineffective, the official organs of social control rely mostly on the restraining influence of the generally know availability of the means of violence.
- Next in line after the political and legal controls one should probably place economic pressure
- Other means of social control: persuasion, ridicule, gossip and opprobrium
- One of the most devastating means of punishment is opprobrium & ostracism

Front 19

“The Meaning of Social Controls” ostracism

Back 19

- Peter Berger
- refers to informal modes of exclusion from a group through shunning.

Front 20

“The Meaning of Social Controls” opprobrium

Back 20

- Peter Berger
1. Harsh criticism or censure.
2. The public disgrace arising from someone's shameful conduc

Front 21

“Crime, Shame and Reintegration” reintegrative shaming

Back 21

- John Braithwaite
- criminal offenders are shamed in the context of love, respect and forgiveness—reintegrative shaming offers society a powerful crime prevention tool

Front 22

“Crime, Shame and Reintegration” Interdependency

Back 22

- John Braithwaite
- a condition of individuals
- the extent to which individuals participate in networks wherein they are dependant on others to achieve valued ends and others are dependent on them.
- Interdependent people are more susceptible to shaming

Front 23

“Crime, Shame and Reintegration” Communitarianism

Back 23

- John Braithwaite
- a condition of societies
- densely enmeshed in interdependencies which have special qualities of mutual help and trust.

Front 24

“Crime, Shame and Reintegration” Shaming

Back 24

- John Braithwaite
- all social processes of expressing disapproval which have the intention or effect of invoking remorse in the person being shamed and/or condemnation by others who become aware of the shaming

Front 25

“On Behalf of Labeling Theory” 3 Critiques

Back 25

- Erich Goode
1. tends to be polemical rather than constructive
2. They rarely render a faithful likeness of the original
3. The critics seem incapable of recognizing the crucial difference between what specific labeling theorists have written in specific works and the potential power of the perspective

Front 26

“On Behalf of Labeling Theory” consequence critiques

Back 26

-Labeling theory isn’t a theory at all, its more of a general perspective
- One way of looking at deviance in general, but at some specifics features of deviance

Front 27

“The Moral Career of the Mental Patient” Main concern:

Back 27

- Erving Goffman
- moral aspects of career, the regular sequence of changes that career entails in the person’s self and in his framework of imagery for judging himself and others while making the transition into a mental hospital
- two sides of a career, the internal self identity and the official position

Front 28

“The Moral Career of the Mental Patient” phases:

Back 28

- Erving Goffman
1. prepatient phase
few patients enter willingly, losing ones mind is based on stereotypes
, can be a relief

2. patient phase-entering the hospital

3. expatient phase-leaving the hospital

Front 29

“Elite Deviance”
FBI definition of white collar crime

Back 29

- David R. Simon
- “crimes that are committed by nonphysical means to avoid payment or loss of money or to obtain business or personal advantage where success depends upon guile or concealment.”

Front 30

“Elite Deviance” Types of harm:

Back 30

- David R. Simon
1. Physical harms- includes death and/or physical injury or illness
2. Financial harms- robbery, fraud, scams. Consumers are derived of funds w/o receiving goods or services
3. Moral harms- deviant behavior by elites forms a negative role model that encourages deviance, distrust, cynicism and/or alienation.

Front 31

“Elite Deviance” Economic Domination:

Back 31

- David R. Simon
- crimes and unethical deeds that are committed by single corporations in league with other organizations. I.e.: unsafe working conditions, unsafe goods, hazardous medicine or food.

Front 32

“Elite Deviance” Government and Government Control

Back 32

- David R. Simon
- corporate welfare” including subsidies and certain special favors granted in doing business with the government. Usurpation of power.

Front 33

“Elite Deviance” Denial of Basic Human Rights:

Back 33

- David R. Simon
- Social injuries. Threats to the dignity and quality of life for specific groups and humanity as a whole. I.e.: racism, sexism.

Front 34

“Elite Deviance” Characteristics:

Back 34

- David R. Simon
1. It occurs because it furthers the goals of economic and political organizations- namely, the maintenance or increase of profit and/or power.
2. It is committed with the support of the elites who head such organizations. Such support may be open and active or covert and implied.
3. It may be committed either by elites and/or employees acting on their behalf.

Front 35

“Pathology of Imprisonment” study

Back 35

- Philip Zimbardo
-Interested in studying the effects of imprisonment on human behavior- in particular the psychological impact of imprisonment
-Results were so shocking, they aborted the experiment after 6 days
-Half of the volunteers were assigned as prisoners and half as guards in the simulated prison
-They made up there own formal rules for maintaining law
-Within a week the participants considered the mock prison reality and forgot a lifetime worth of learning; human values were suspended, self-concepts were challenged and the ugliest pathological side of human nature surfaced.
-The guards became corrupt with power of their roles and became quite inventive in their techniques of breaking the spirit of the prisoners and making them feel they were worthless.

Front 36

“Pathology of Imprisonment”
findings

Back 36

- Philip Zimbardo
-We underestimate the power and pervasiveness of situational controls over behavior
-There should be an ombusman in every prison in order to report violations of constitutional and human rights
-The main ingredient necessary to effect any change at all in prison reform is caring
-Reform must start with people caring about the well-being of others

Front 37

“Pathology of Imprisonment” underestimation of power and pervasiveness in situational controls over behavior because:

Back 37

- Philip Zimbardo
a.) they are often non-obvious and subtle
b.) we can often avoid entering situations where we might be so controlled
c.) we label as “weak” or “deviant” people in those situations who do not behave differently from how we believe we would.