Developmental Psychology (Siegler) Chapter 09: Theories Of Social Development

Front 1

psychic energy

Back 1

- Freud's psychosexual theory.
- Biologically based INSTINCTUAL DRIVES that he believed fuels behavior, thoughts, and feelings

Front 2

erogenous zones

Back 2

- Freud's psychosexual theory.
- Areas of the body that become EROTICALLY SENSITIVE in successive stages of development.

Front 3

id

Back 3

- Freud's psychosexual theory.
- The earliest and most primitive personality structure.
- Unconscious and operates with the goal of seeking pleasure.

Front 4

ego

Back 4

Freud's theory.
The 2nd personality structure.
RATIONAL, logical, problem-solving components of personality.

Front 5

superego

Back 5

the 3rd personality structure, consisting of INTERNALIZED MORAL standards

Front 6

internalization

Back 6

the process of adopting as one's own the attributes, beliefs, and standards of another person.

Front 7

Oedipus complex

Back 7

boys' conflict in the phallic period cuz of their sexual desire for their mother and their fear of retaliation by their father.

<--> Electra complex

Front 8

Electra complex

Back 8

girls' conflict in the phallic period when they develop unacceptable romantic feelings for their father and see their mother as a rival.

<--> Oedipus complex

Front 9

systematic desensitization

Back 9

- WATSON's learning theory.
- a therapy based on CLASSICAL CONDITIONING.
- positive responses are gradually conditioned to stimuli that initially elicit a highly negative response >_< --> ^_^
- esp. useful in treating fears and phobias

cf. Skinner's behavior modification

Front 10

behavior modification

Back 10

- SKINNER's learning theory
- a therapy based on OPERANT CONDITIONING.
- reinforcement contingencies are changed to encourage more adaptive behavior. >_< --> ^_^

cf. Watson's systematic desensitization

Front 11

reciprocal determinism

Back 11

- BANDURA's social learning theory.
- child-environment influences operate BIDIRECTIONALLY

Front 12

perceived self-efficacy

Back 12

- BANDURA's social learning theory.
- an indv's beliefs about HOW EFFECTIVELY she can CONTROL her own behavior, thoughts, and emotions in order to achieve a desired goal.

Front 13

vicarious reinforcement

Back 13

observing someone else receive a reward or punishment
- BANDURA's bobo doll

Front 14

self-socialization

Back 14

- theories of social cognition
- the idea that children play a very ACTIVE ROLE in their own socialization thru: their activity preferences, friendship choices..

Front 15

role taking

Back 15

- theories of social cognition
- being aware of the PERSPECTIVE of another person --> better understand that person's behavior, thoughts, and feelings

Front 16

hostile attributional bias

Back 16

- DODGE's theory
- tendency to assume that other people's ambiguous actions stem from a hostile intent >:-(

Front 17

mastery orientation

Back 17

- DWECK's theory of self-attributions and achievement motivation
- a general tendency to ATTRIBUTE access and failure to the amount of EFFORT expended and to persist in the face of failure :-)

mastery orientation <--> helpless orientation

Front 18

helpless orientation

Back 18

- DWECK's theory of self-attributions and achievement motivation
- a general tendency to ATTRIBUTE success or failure to the enduring aspects of the SELF and to give up in the face of failure >_<

mastery orientation <--> helpless orientation

Front 19

entity theory

Back 19

- DWECK's theory of self-attributions and achievement motivation
- a theory that a person's level of INTELLIGENCE IS FIXED and unchangeable >_<

entity theory <--> incremental theory

Front 20

incremental theory

Back 20

- DWECK's theory of self-attributions and achievement motivation
- INTELLIGENCE IS NOT FIXED and can grow as a function of experience :-)

entity theory <--> incremental theory

Front 21

ethology

Back 21

the study of the evolutionary bases of behavior

Front 22

imprinting

Back 22

- LORENZ's ethological theory
- a form of learning in which the young of some species of newborn birds and mammals become attached to and follow members of the species

Front 23

parental-investment theory

Back 23

EVOLUTIONARY basis of many aspects of PARENTAL behavior, including the extensive investment in their offspring

Front 24

microsystem

Back 24

- Bronfenbrenner's BIOECOLOGICAL MODEL.
- the IMMEDIATE environment that an individual personally experiences.
- family, school, peers, neighborhood, church, clubs..

MICROSYSTEM - mesosystem - exocystem - macrosystem - chronosystem

Front 25

mesosystem

Back 25

- Bronfenbrenner's BIOECOLOGICAL MODEL.
- INTERCONNECTIONS among immediate, or microsystem, settings
- supportive relations benefit the child

microsystem - MESOSYSTEM - exocystem - macrosystem - chronosystem

Front 26

exosystem

Back 26

- Bronfenbrenner's BIOECOLOGICAL MODEL.
- envir. settings that a person does not directly experience but can affect the person INDIRECTLY.
- parents' workplace, mass media, extended family, legal/health services..

microsystem - mesosystem - EXOSYSTEM - macrosystem - chronosystem

Front 27

macrosystem

Back 27

- Bronfenbrenner's BIOECOLOGICAL MODEL.
- larger CULTURAL and SOCIAL context within which the other systems are embedded.
- broad ideology, laws, and customs of one's culture, subculture, or social class

microsystem - mesosystem - exocystem - MACROSYSTEM - chronosystem

Front 28

chronosystem

Back 28

- Bronfenbrenner's BIOECOLOGICAL MODEL.
- HISTORICAL changes that influence the other systems

microsystem - mesosystem - exocystem - macrosystem - CHRONOSYSTEM

Front 29

child maltreatment

Back 29

intentional abuse or neglect that endangers the well-being of anyone under 18

Front 30

ADHD (attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder)

Back 30

a syndrome that involves difficulty in sustaining attention