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525 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is Development?
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the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues throughout the human life-span
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What is the Life-Span Perspective?
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views development as lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contextual, and as a process that involves growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss
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What are the four types of age?
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1. Chronological
2. Biological 3. Psychological 4. Social |
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Explain Chronological Age
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number of years that have elapsed since birth
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Explain Biological Age
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person's age in terms of biological health
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Explain Psychological Age
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individuals adaptive capacities compared with those of other individuals of the same chronological age
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Explain Social Age
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connectedness with others and the social roles individuals adopt
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What is the Nature vs Nurture issue?
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debate about the extent to which development is influenced by nature and by nurture
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Define Freud's Theory
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states we go through five stages pf psychosexual development
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Define Erikson's Theory
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includes 8 stages of human development. Each stage consists of a unique developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved
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Define Piaget's Theory
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States that children actively construct their understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitive development
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Define: Vygotsy's Theory
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a sociocultural cognitive theory that emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development
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Define Skinner's Theory
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Through operant conditioning the consequences of a behavior produce changes in the probability of the behavior's recurrence
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Define Bandura's Theory
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People acquire a wide range of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings through observing others' behaviors and that these observations form an important part of life-span development
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Define Genes
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units of hereditary information in each chromosome; short segments of DNA
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Define Genetic Expression Genotype
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a person's genetic material
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Define Phenotype
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observable characteristics
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Define Dominant Genes
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a gene in one strand of DNA that is stronger than the corresponding gene in another strand of DNA
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Define Recessive Genes
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a gene in one strand of DNA that is weaker than the corresponding gene in another strand of DNA
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Define Sex-linked genes
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most mutated genes are recessive
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What is the Dominant-and-recessive genes principle?
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a dominant gene always exerts in its effects, overriding the potential influence of the recessive gene; a recessive gene only exerts influence if both genes in a pair are recessive
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Name six prenatal diagnostic tests
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1. ultrasound sonography
2. fetal MRI 3. Chorionic villus sampling 4. amniocentesis 5. Maternal Blood Screening 6. Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis |
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What is an ultrasound sonography?
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noninvasive prenatal medical procedure in which high frequency sound waves are directed into the pregnant women's abdomen
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When are ultrasound sonography usually done?
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7 weeks into pregnancy
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What is Chronic Villus Sampling?
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prenatal medical procedure in which a tiny tissue sample from the placenta is removed and analyzed
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When is Chronic Villus Sampling usually done?
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between 10th and 12th weeks of pregnancy
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What is Amniocentesis?
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a sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn with a syringe and tested for chromosome or metabolic disorders
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When is Amniocentesis usually done?
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between the 15th and 18 weeks of pregnancy
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What is Maternal Blood Screening?
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identifies pregnancies that have an elevated risk for birth defects such as spina bifida and Down Syndrome
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When is Maternal Blood Screening usually done?
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between the 16th to 18th week of pregnancy
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What is a Fetal MRI?
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uses a powerful magnet and radio images to generate detailed images to generate detailed images of the body's organs and structures
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What is a Noninvasive Prenatal Diagnosis (NIPD)?
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mainly focused on brain imaging techniques and the isolation and examination of fetal cells circulating in the mother's blood and analysis of cellfree fetal DNA in maternal plasma
basically, it determines whether a fetus has a genetic abnormality |
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What are the names of the three stages of pregnancy?
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1. Germinal
2. Embryonic 3. Fetal |
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What is the length of time for the Germinal Stage?
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period of prenatal development that takes place in the first two weeks after conception
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What is the length of time for the Embryonic Stage?
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period of prenatal development that occurs from 2 to 8 weeks after conception
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What is the length of time for the Fetal Stage?
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period of prenatal development that occurs from two months after conception to birth
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What is a teratogen?
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any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes
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Name 8 teratogens
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1. drugs
2. incompatible blood tests 3. environmental pollutants 4. infectious diseases 5. nutritional deficiencies 6. maternal stress 7. advanced maternal and prenatal age 8. environmental pollutants |
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Examples of the teratogen: Drugs
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antibiotics, some antidepressants, acne medicine, non prescription drugs
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Examples of the teratogen: Incompatible Blood Types
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the difference in the mother's and father's blood types could lead to miscarriage, stillbirth, anemia, jaundice, heart defects, brain damage, or death soon after birth
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Examples of the teratogen: Environmental Hazards
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Radiation, toxic waste and other environmental pollutants can endanger the embryo or fetus
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Examples of the teratogen: Maternal Diseases
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maternal diseases and infections can produce defects in offspring by crossing the placental barrier or they can cause damage during birth
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Examples of the teratogen: Maternal Diet and Nutrition
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a developing embryo or fetus depends completely on its mother for nutrition, which comes from the mother's blood
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Examples of the teratogen: Maternal Age
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when possible harmful effects on the fetus and infant are considered, two maternal ages are of special interest: adolescence and 35 years and older
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Examples of the teratogen: Emotional States and Stress
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When a pregnant women experiences intense fears, anxieties, negative mood states, psychological changes occur that may affect the fetus
high maternal stress during pregnancy can have long term consequences for offspring |
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Examples of the teratogen: Paternal Factors
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fathers exposure to lead, radiation, certain pesticides, and petrochemicals may cause abnormalities in sperm that lead to miscarriage or disease such as childhood cancer
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What occurs during the first stage of birth?
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Basically, contractions->contractions worsen-> dilation of cervix
Uterine contractions are 15-20 minutes apart at the beginning (last up to one minute) These contractions cause the woman's cervix to stretch and open By the end of the first stage, contractions dilate the cervix to 10 cm so the baby can move through the birth canal usually last about 6-12 hours for first child |
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What occurs during the second stage of birth?
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Basically, the baby is born
baby's head starts to move through cervix and the birth canal. Ends when the baby completely emerges from the mother's body Mother continues to have contractions every minute and last about one minute (lasts approx. 45 minutes to one hour) |
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What occurs during the third stage of birth?
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Afterbirth; the placenta, umbilical cord and other membranes are detached and expelled
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What is the Apgar scale?
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evaluates infants' heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, and reflex irritability at one and five minutes after birth
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What is a Low Birth Weight Infant?
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infants weigh less than 5 pounds
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What is a Pre-Term Infant?
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infants are born three weeks or more before the pregnancy has reached its full term (less the 35 weeks after conception)
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What is a Small for Date Infant?
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infants who have a birth weight below normal when the length of pregnancy is considered (may be Pre-Term or Full-Term)
They weigh less that 90% of all babies of the same gestational age |
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What does SIDS stand for?
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Sudden Infant Death Syndrom
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What is SIDS?
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condition that occurs when an infant stops breathing, usually during the night, and dies suddenly without an apparent cause
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What are risk factors for SIDS?
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1. Infants must sleep on back
2. More likely to occur in low birth weight infants, African American and Eskimo infants 3. Infants who are passively exposed to cigarette smoke 4. When infants and parents share the same bed 5. When infants don't use a pacifier when they go to sleep 6. When they sleep in a room without a fan |
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What are benefits of breast feeding for the mother?
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1. Lower incidence of breast cancer
2. Reduction in Ovarian Cancer |
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What is the Rooting Reflex?
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reflex that occurs when the infant's cheek is stroked or the side of the mouth is touched causing the infant to turn its head toward the side that was touched in an apparent effort to find something to suck
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What is the Sucking Reflex?
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reflex that occurs when newborns automatically such an object placed in their mouth causing the baby to start sucking
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What is the Moro Reflex?
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reflex that occurs in response to a sudden intense movement or noise causing the baby to be startled, arches back, throws head back, flings out arms and legs and then rapidly closes them to center of body
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What is a Pincer Grasp?
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picks objects up using index finger and thumb
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What is a Palmar Grasp?
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picks up objects involving palm
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What are Year One Developmental Milestones?
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walks using furniture for support, stand with support, pull self to stand, sit without support
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What are Year Two Developmental Milestones?
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Stand alone easily, walk alone easily
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Who is Fantz?
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a pioneer who concluded infants look at different things for different lengths of time
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What did Chomsky propose?
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Humans are biologically "pre-wired" to learn language at a certain time and in a certain way
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What is a Language Acquisition Device (LAD)?
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biological endowment that enables the child to detect the various features and rules of language
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What is the Language Milestone at age: birth
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crying
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What is the Language Milestone at age: 2 to 4 months
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cooing begins
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What is the Language Milestone at age: 5 months
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understands first words
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What is the Language Milestone at age: 6 months
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babbling begins
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What is the Language Milestone at age: 7 to 11 months
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change from universal linguist to language specific listener
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What is the Language Milestone at age: 8 to 12 months
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uses gestures, such as showing and pointing
comprehension of words |
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What is the Language Milestone at age: 13 months
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first word spoken
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What is the Language Milestone at age: 18 months
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vocabulary spurt begins
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What is the Language Milestone at age: 18 to 24 months
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Uses two-word utterances
Rapid extension of understanding of words |
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According to Piaget, what are schemes?
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created by the developing brain as a result of an infant or child seeking to construct an understanding of the world
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What is Assimilation?
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occurs when children use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences
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What is Accommodation?
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occurs when children adjust their schemes to account for new information and experiences
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What is Object Permanence?
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term for understanding that objects and events continue to exist, even when they cannot directly be seen, heard, or touched
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What is the Sensorimotor Stage?
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during this time infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with motoric actions
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How long does the Sensorimotor Stage last?
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lasts from birth to age 2
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What is Temperament?
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Individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding emotionally
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Who are the three psychiatrists that classified temperament?
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Chess & Thomas, Kagan, Rothbart and Bates
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What three basic types, or clusters, of temperament did Chess and Thomas identify Temperament as?
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Easy Child, Difficult Child, and Slow-to-warm-up child
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What is an Easy Child?
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child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts easily to new experiences
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What is a Difficult Child?
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child reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change
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What is a Slow-to-warm-up child?
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child has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood
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What was Kagan's approach to Temperament?
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regards shyness with strangers (peers or adults) as one feature of a broad temperament category called inhibition to the unfamiliar
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What is Inhibition to the Unfamiliar?
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Children react to many aspects of unfamiliarity with initial avoidance, distress, or subdued affect
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What was Rothbart and Bates approach to Temperament?
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stress effortful control (self-regulation)
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Infants who are_______ in effortful control show an ability to keep their arousal from getting too intense and have strategies for soothing themselves
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high
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Infants who are_______ in effortful control are often unable to control their arousal; they are easily agitated and become intensely emotional
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low
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What are the first two stages of Erikson's theory during the age of birth up through 24 months?
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Trust versus Mistrust and Autonomy versus shame & doubt
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How do infants (birth through 24 months) demonstrate a sense of self?
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Self Recognition
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What is Attachment?
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close emotional bond between two people
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What was the purpose of Harry Harlow's study?
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to determine whether the mother provided comfort seemed to determine whether the monkeys associated that mother with security
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What was the result of Harry Harlow's study?
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it clearly demonstrated that feeding is not the crucial element in the attachment process and that contact comfort is important
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Who was Mary Ainsworth?
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a women who created the Strange Situation
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What is the Strange Situation?
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an observational measure of infant attachment in which the infant experiences a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger in a prescribed order
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Based on how babies respond in the Strange Situation, how are they described?
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Securely attached or insecurely attached
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What are the three types of Insecurely attached babies?
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Insecure avoidant babies, insecure resistant babies, insecure disorganized babies
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What is an Insecure Avoidant Baby?
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babies that show insecurity by avoiding their mothers
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What is an Insecure Resistant Baby?
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babies that often cling to their caregiver, then resist her by fighting against the closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away
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What is an Insecure Disorganized Baby?
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babies that show insecurity by being disorganized and disoriented
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What is a Securely Attached Baby?
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babies that use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore their environment
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Basically, what is the Strange Situation Test?
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a test that investigates how attachments might vary between children
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What do researchers hope will be their result of the Strange Situation?
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to provide information about the infant's motivation to be near the caregiver and the degree to which the caregiver's presence provides the infant with security and confidence
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As explained by Ainsworth, what is the relationship between securely attached infant with their caregiver?
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infant responds positively to being picked up by others and when put down, freely moves away to play
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As explained by Ainsworth, what is the relationship between insecurely attached infant with their caregiver?
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infant avoids the caregiver or is ambivalent towards her, fears strangers, and is upset by minor, everyday separations
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What are the main causes of death/ serious illness of children?
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accidents, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases
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What is the second stage of Piaget's theory?
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The preoperational Stage
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How long does the preoperational stage last?
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from 2 to 7 years of age
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What is the Preoperational Stage?
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children begin to represent the world with words, images, and drawings. they form stable concepts and begin to reason. their cognitive world is dominated by egocentrism and magical beliefs
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What is Egocentrism?
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the inability to distinguish between one's perspective and someone else's perspective
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What is Animism?
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the belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action
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What is Conservation?
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awareness that altering an object's or a substance's appearance does not change its basic properties
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According to Vygotsky, what is ZPD?
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range of tasks that are too difficult for children to master alone but can be mastered with assistance
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According to Vygotsky, what is Scaffolding?
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changing the level of support
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What is Project Head Start?
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a government funded program that is designed to provide children from low-income families the opportunity to acquire the skills and experiences important for school success
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In order to experience self conscious emotions, what do children have to be able to do?
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refer to themselves and be aware of themselves as distinct from others
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What are examples of self conscious emotions?
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pride, shame, embarrassment, and guilt
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What is Gender Identity?
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the sense of being male or female
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When do most children acquire gender identity?
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by the time they are 3 years old
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What are gender roles?
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sets of expectations that prescribe how females or males should think, act, and feel
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What is Gender Schema Theory?
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theory that gender typing emerges as children develop gender schemas of what is gender-appropraite and gender-inappropriate in their culture
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What fuels gender typing?
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gender schemas
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According to Baumrind, what are the four parenting types?
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1. authoritarian
2. authoritative 3. neglectful 4. indulgent |
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What is Authoritarian Parenting?
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a restrictive, punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and respect their work and effort, they allow little verbal exchange
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Typically, how are children of authoritarian parents?
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unhappy, fearful, and anxious about comparing themselves with others; they fail to initiate activity and have weak communication skills
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What is Authoritative Parenting?
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parents encourage children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions; extensive verbal give-and-take is allowed, and parents are warm and nurturant towards child
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Typically, how are children of authoritative parents?
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cheerful, self-controlled and self-reliant, and achievement oriented; they tend to maintain friendly relations with peers, cooperate with adults, and cope well with stress
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What is Neglectful Parenting?
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style in which the parent is uninvolved in the child's life
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Typically, how are children of neglectful parents?
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socially incompetent, poor self-control, and don't handle independence well, low self-esteem, immature, and may be alienated from the family
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What are the four types of maltreatment?
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1. physical abuse
2. child neglect 3. sexual abuse 4. emotional abuse |
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What is Physical Abuse?
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infliction of physical injury as a result of punching, beating, kicking, biting, burning, shaking, or otherwise harming a child
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What is Child Neglect?
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failure to provide for the child's basic needs
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What type of neglect is there?
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physical, emotional, or educational
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What is the most common form of child mistreatment?
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child neglect
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What is Sexual Abuse?
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fondling of genitals, intercourse, incest, rape, sodomy, exhibitionism, and commercial exploitation through prostitution or production of porn
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What is Emotional Abuse?
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includes acts or omissions by parents or caregivers that have caused or could cause, serious behavioral, cognitive, or emotional problems
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What is the second most common cause of death?
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cancer
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What percentage of children in the United States receive Special Education?
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14%
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What is the definition of Learning Disability?
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describes a child who has difficulty understanding or using spoken or written language or doing mathematics
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What percentage of children have a Learning disorder?
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4.9%
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What does ADHD stand for?
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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
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What is the definition of ADHD?
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disability in which children are characterized as inattentive, hyperactive, and impulsive
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What are the causes of ADHD?
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inherited by parents, brain damage during prenatal or postnatal development, cigarette and alcohol exposure during prenatal development, and low birth weight, later peak for cerebral cortex thickening
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What are treatments for ADHD?
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stimulant medication (Ritalin or Adderall) is helpful, combination of medication and CBT
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What is the percentage of children that are diagnosed with ADHD?
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1/20 or 5% in United States
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What does IEP stand for?
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individualized education plan
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What is an IEP?
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written statement that spells out a program that is specifically tailored for a student with a disability
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What does LRE stand for?
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Least Restrictive Environment
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What is an LRE?
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setting that is as similar as possible to the one in which children who do not have a disbility are educated
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What is inclusion?
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describes educating a child with special education needs full-time in the regular classroom
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What is Intelligence?
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problem-solving skills and the ability to learn from, and adapt to, the experiences of everyday life
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What is Mental Age?
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Binet's measure of an individuals level of mental development, compared with that of others
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What is Intelligence Quotient?
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a persons mental age is divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100
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What is the formula for ratio IQ?
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IQ= MA (mental age) / CA (chronological age) * 100
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If mental age is the same as chronological age, what is the person's IQ?
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100
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If mental age is above their chronological age, what is the person's IQ?
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more than 100
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If mental age is below their chronological age, what is the person's IQ?
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less than 100
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What is Sternberg's Triarchic Theory?
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states that intelligence comes in three forms: analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence
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What is Analytical Intelligence?
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refers to the ability to analyze, judge, evaluate, compare and contrast
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What is Creative Intelligence?
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consists of the ability to create, design, invent, originate, and imagine
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What is Practical Intelligence?
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involves the ability to use, apply, implement, and put ideas into practice
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If children are considered "smart" and do well on the SAT, what type of intelligence are they higher in?
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analytic
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If a child is not in the top of the class, gives unique answers and do not conform to a teachers expectations, what type of intelligence are they higher in?
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creative
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If a child does well outside of school, has great social skills, and good common sense, what type of intelligence are they higher in?
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practical
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What did Howard Gardner suggest about intelligence?
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there are 8 types of intelligence or "frames of mind"
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According to Gardner, what are the 8 types of Intelligence?
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verbal, mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist
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According to Gardner, what is meant by verbal intelligence?
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the ability to think in words and use language to express meaning
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What type of occupation would a person with high verbal intelligence pursue?
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authors, journalists, speakers
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According to Gardner, what is meant by mathematical intelligence?
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the ability to carry out mathematical operations
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What type of occupation would a person with high mathematical intelligence pursue?
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scientists, engineers, accountants
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According to Gardner, what is meant by spatial intelligence?
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the ability to think three-dimensionally
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What type of occupation would a person with high spatial intelligence pursue?
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architects, artists, sailors
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According to Gardner, what is meant by bodily-kinesthetic intelligence?
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the ability to manipulate objects and be physically adept
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What type of occupation would a person with high bodily-kinesthetic intelligence pursue?
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surgeons, craftspeople, dancers, athletes
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According to Gardner, what is meant by musical intelligence?
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a sensitivity to pitch, melody, rhythm, and tone
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What type of occupation would a person with high musical intelligence pursue?
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composers, musicians, and sensitive listeners
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According to Gardner, what is meant by interpersonal intelligence?
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the ability to understand and interact effectively with others
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What type of occupation would a person with high interpersonal intelligence pursue?
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successful teachers, mental health professionals
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According to Gardner, what is meant by intrapersonal intelligence?
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the ability to understand oneself
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What type of occupation would a person with high intrapersonal intelligence pursue?
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theologians, psychologists
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According to Gardner, what is meant by naturalist intelligence?
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the ability to observe patterns in nature and understand natural and human-made systems
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What type of occupation would a person with high naturalist intelligence pursue?
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farmers, botanists, ecologists, landscapers
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What is an Intellectual Disability?
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condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has a low IQ, usually below 70 on a traditional intelligence test, and has difficulty adapting to everyday life
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Approximately, how many Americans fit the definition of intellectual disability?
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5 million
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What are the four classification of Intellectual Disability?
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Mild, moderate, severe, profound
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What is the typical IQ of an individual that falls into the mild category?
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55 to 70
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What are individuals in the mild category able to do?
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able to live independently as adults, and work at a variety of jobs
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What is the typical IQ of an individual that falls into the moderate category?
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40 to 54
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What are individuals in the moderate category able to do?
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attain a second-grade level of skills and may be able to support themselves as adults through some types of labor
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What is the typical IQ of an individual that falls into the severe category?
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25 to 39
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What are individuals in the severe category able to do?
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learn to talk and accomplish very simple tasks but require extensive supervision
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What is the typical IQ of an individual that falls into the profound category?
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below 25
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What are individuals in the profound category able to do?
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need constant supervision
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What percentage of individuals fall into the mild category?
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89%
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What percentage of individuals fall into the moderate category?
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6%
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What percentage of individuals fall into the severe category?
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3.5%
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What percentage of individuals fall into the profound category?
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less than 1%
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What is Deviation IQ?
|
intelligence quotient determined by comparing a person's test score with other examinees of the same age
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Why was the Deviation IQ developed?
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the ratio method was inadequate for adults
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What is a normal distribution?
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symmetrical distribution with most scores falling in the middle of the possible range of scores and a few scores appearing toward the extremes of the range
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Under the normal curve, What is the percentage of people who have an IQ score of 55-70?
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2.14%
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What are people considered when they have an IQ score of 55-70?
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intellectual disability
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Under the normal curve, What is the percentage of people who have an IQ score of 70-85?
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13.59%
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What are people considered when they have an IQ score of 70-85?
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intellectual disability
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Under the normal curve, What is the percentage of people who have an IQ score of 85-100?
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34.13%
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What are people considered when they have an IQ score of 85-100?
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normal
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Under the normal curve, What is the percentage of people who have an IQ score of 100-115?
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34.13%
|
|
What are people considered when they have an IQ score of 85-100?
|
normal
|
|
Under the normal curve, What is the percentage of people who have an IQ score of 115-130?
|
13.59%
|
|
What are people considered when they have an IQ score of 115-130?
|
gifted
|
|
Under the normal curve, What is the percentage of people who have an IQ score of 130-145?
|
2.14%
|
|
What are people considered when they have an IQ score of 130-145?
|
gifted
|
|
How many individuals have an IQ of more than 130?
|
about 1 in 50 individuals
|
|
How many individuals have an IQ of less that 70?
|
about 1 in 50 individuals
|
|
What is the mean IQ?
|
100
|
|
What is a gifted individuals IQ?
|
130 or higher
|
|
What is Self Concept
|
domain-specific evaluations of the self
|
|
What is Self-Esteem?
|
the global evaluative dimension of the self
|
|
What else is Self Esteem referred to as?
|
self-worth or self-image
|
|
What is Self-Regulation?
|
the ability to act in your long-term best interest, consistent with your deepest values.
|
|
What is Self-Efficacy?
|
the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes
|
|
What is Erik Erikson's Fourth Stage of Human Development?
|
Industry vs. Inferiority
|
|
When does Industry vs. Inferiority occur?
|
middle and late childhood
|
|
According to Erikson, what is Industry?
|
children become interested in how things are made and how they work
|
|
According to Erikson, what is Inferiority?
|
parents who see their children's efforts at making things as "mischief" or "making a mess"
|
|
What are the 6 developmental changes in emotions that occur during the middle and late childhood years?
|
improved emotional understanding, increased understanding that more than one emotion can be experienced in a particular situation, increased tendency to be aware of the events leading to emotional reactions, ability to suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions, use of self-initiated strategies for redirecting feelings, and a capacity for genuine empathy
|
|
What is meant by "improved emotional understanding?"
|
children learn complex emotions including pride and shame
|
|
What is an example of "increased understanding that more than one emotion can be experienced in a particular situation?"
|
a third grader may realize that achieving something that might involve anxiety and joy
|
|
What is an example of "increased tendency to be aware of the events leading to emotional reactions?"
|
a fourth grader may become aware that her sadness is influenced by her friend moving to another town last week
|
|
What is an example of "ability to suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions?"
|
a fifth grader has learned to tone down his anger better than he used to when one of his classmates irritated him
|
|
What is an example of "use of self-initiated strategies for redirecting feelings?"
|
children become more reflective about their emotional lives and increasingly use strategies to control their emotions
|
|
What is an example of "capacity for genuine empathy?"
|
a fourth grader- feels sympathy for a distressed person and experiences vicariously the sadness the distressed person is feeling
|
|
What is Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?
|
development from one stage to another is fostered by opportunities to take the perspective of others and to experience conflict between one's current stage of moral thinking and the reasoning of someone at a higher stage
|
|
What did Kohlberg propose?
|
six stages of moral development which he believed are universal
|
|
According to Kohlberg, what are the three levels of moral thinking?
|
pre-conventional level, conventional level, and post-conventional level
|
|
What is Pre-Conventional Reasoning?
|
lowest level of moral reasoning in Kohlbergs theory of moral development
|
|
What two stages is the Pre-Conventional Level characterized by?
|
Heteronomous Morality
and Individualism, Instrumental purpose, and Exchange |
|
At the Pre-Conventional Level, what are children able to do?
|
interpret good and bad in terms of external rewards and punishments
|
|
What is Heteronomous Morality?
|
first stage in Pre-Conventional reasoning
|
|
What occurs at the Heteronomous Morality stage?
|
moral thinking is tied to punishment
|
|
What is an example of a child in the Heteronomous Morality stage?
|
children think that they must obey because they fear punishment for disobedience
|
|
What is Individualism, Instrumental Purpose, and Exchange?
|
second stage of pre-conventional reasoning
|
|
What occurs at the Individualism, Instrumental Purpose, and Exchange stage?
|
children reason that pursuing their own interests is the right thing to do, but they let others do the same
|
|
What is an example of a child in the Individualism, Instrumental Purpose, and Exchange Stage?
|
children think that what is right involves an equal exchange; reason that if they are nice to others, others will be nice to them in return
|
|
What is Conventional Reasoning?
|
second, or intermediate, level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development
|
|
What two stages is the Conventional Level characterized by?
|
Mutual Interpersonal Expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity
and Social Systems Morality |
|
At the Conventional Level, what are children able to do?
|
individuals apply certain standards, but they are the standards set by others, such as the government or parents
|
|
What is Mutual Interpersonal Expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity?
|
Kohlberg's third stage of moral development
|
|
What occurs at the Mutual Interpersonal Expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity stage?
|
individuals value trust, caring, and loyalty to others as a basis of moral judgements
|
|
What is an example of a child in the Mutual Interpersonal Expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity stage?
|
children often adopt their parents' moral standards at this stage, seeking parental approval as a "good girl" or "good boy"
|
|
What is Social Systems Morality?
|
Kohlberg's fourth stage of moral development
|
|
What occurs at the Social Systems Morality stage?
|
moral judgements are based on understanding the social order, law, justice, and duty
|
|
What is an example of a child in the Social Systems Morality Stage?
|
adolescents may reason that in order for a community to work effectively, it needs to be protected by laws that community members obey
|
|
What is Post-Conventional Reasoning?
|
highest level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development
|
|
What two stages is the Post-Conventional Stage characterized by?
|
Social Contact or Utility and Individual Rights
and Universal Ethical Principles |
|
At the Post-Conventional Level, what are children able to do?
|
individual recognizes alternative moral cures, explores the options and then decides on a personal moral code
|
|
What is Social Contact or Utility and Individual Rights?
|
Kohlberg's fifth stage of moral development
|
|
What occurs at the Social Contact or Utility and Individual Rights Stage?
|
individuals reason that values, rights, and principles undergird or transcend the law
|
|
What is an example of an individual in the Social Contact or Utility and Individual Rights Stage?
|
a person evaluates the validity of actual laws and may examine social systems in terms of the degree to which they preserve and protect fundamental human rights and values
|
|
What is Universal Ethical Principles?
|
Kohlberg's sixth, and highest, stage of moral development
|
|
What occurs at the Universal Ethical Principles Stage?
|
the person has developed a moral standard based on universal human rights
|
|
What is an example of a child in the Universal Ethical Principles Stage?
|
when faced with a conflict between law and conscience, the person reasons that conscience should be followed
|
|
What age are most individuals who use Pre-conventional Reasoning?
|
before age 9
|
|
What age are most individuals who use Conventional Reasoning?
|
early adolescence
|
|
What age are most individuals who use Post-conventional Reasoning?
|
if they do, it is early adulthood
|
|
What are gender stereotypes?
|
broad categories that reflect our impressions and beliefs about females and males
|
|
What are basic physical differences in males and females at this age?
|
women have about twice the body fat of men, men grow to be 10% taller than females
|
|
What are basic cognitive differences in males and females at this age?
|
female brains are smaller than males, females are more emotional
|
|
What are basic cognitive differences in males and females at this age?
|
females have better verbal skills
|
|
What are basic socio-emotional differences in males and females at this age?
|
males are more physically aggressive, females are more verbally aggressive
|
|
Do males or females engage in more prosocial behavior?
|
females
|
|
What is the greatest gender difference in prosocial behavior?
|
females have more kind and considerate behavior
|
|
What is Androgyny?
|
the presence of positive masculine and feminine characteristics in the same individuals
|
|
What are the five peer statuses?
|
popular, average, neglected, rejected, and controversial
|
|
What is a Popular Child?
|
frequently nominated as a best friend and rarely disliked by peers
|
|
What is an Average Child?
|
receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations from their peers
|
|
What is a Neglected Child?
|
infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers
|
|
What is a Rejected Child?
|
infrequently nominated as someone's best friend and are actively disliked by their peers
|
|
What is a Controversial Child?
|
child who is frequently nominated as someone's best friend and as being disliked
|
|
What are the outcomes for Rejected Children?
|
more impulsive and have problems paying attention, more emotionally retractive, and fewer social skills
|
|
What is Bullying?
|
verbal or physical behavior intended to disturb someone less powerful
|
|
What are the five types of bullying?
|
belittled about religion or race, belittled about looks or speech, hit, slapped. or pushed, subject of rumors, and subject of sexual comments or gestures
|
|
Are boys or girls more likely to be belittled about religion or race?
|
boys
|
|
Are boys or girls more likely to be belittled about looks or speech?
|
girls
|
|
Are boys or girls more likely to be hit, slapped. or pushed?
|
boys
|
|
Are boys or girls more likely to be the subject of rumors?
|
girls
|
|
Are boys or girls more likely to be the subject of sexual comments or gestures?
|
girls
|
|
Approximately, how many students in grades 6 through 10 have experienced bullying?
|
15,000 or one in three students
|
|
What are the six functions of friends?
|
companionship, stimulation, physical support, ego support, social comparison, and affection and intimacy
|
|
What is meant by the function of companionship?
|
friendship provides children with a familiar partner and playmate, someone who is willing to spend time with them and join in collaborative activities
|
|
What is meant by the function of stimulation?
|
friendship provides children with interesting information, excitement, and amusement
|
|
What is meant by the function of Physical support?
|
friendship provides time, resources, and assistance
|
|
What is meant by the function of Ego Support?
|
friendship provides the expectation of support, encouragement, and feedback, which helps children maintain an impression of themselves as competent, attractive, and worthwhile individuals
|
|
What is meant by the function of Social Comparison?
|
friendship provides information about where the child stands vis-a-vis others and whether the child is doing okay
|
|
What is meant by the function of Affection and Intimacy?
|
friendship provides children with a warm, close, trusting relationship with another individual
|
|
What other role does friendship play in a child's success?
|
emotional well-being and academic success
|
|
What is Puberty?
|
period of rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes
|
|
When does Puberty primarily occur?
|
early adolescence
|
|
What is the sequence of physical changes in males?
|
increase in penis and testicle size, appearance of straight pubic hair, minor voice change, first ejaculation, appearance of kinky pubic hair, onset of maximum growth in heigh and weight, growth of hair in armpits, more detectable voice changes, and facial hair growth
|
|
What is the sequence of physical changes in females?
|
breasts enlarge or pubic hair appears, armpit hair, grows in height, hips become wider than her shoulders
|
|
What is the Endocrine systems role in puberty?
|
it involves the interaction of the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the gonads
|
|
What is the Hypothalamus?
|
structure in the brain that monitors eating and sex
|
|
What are hormones?
|
powerful chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands and carried through the body by the bloodstream
|
|
What is the typical age of puberty for males and the range of age?
|
begin from 10 to 13 and a half and may end from 13 to 17
|
|
What is the typical age of puberty for females and the range of age?
|
9 to 15 years old
|
|
Is it an advantage if a boy matures earlier than others?
|
yes
|
|
What is an advantage to a male maturing early?
|
perceive themselves more positvely
|
|
If a male matures later, when do they begin to perceive themselves more positively?
|
in their thirties
|
|
Is it an advantage if a girl matures earlier than others?
|
no
|
|
What is a disadvantage to a girl maturing early?
|
increases girls' vulnerability to a number of problems and less likely to graduate from high school
|
|
Typically, what problems are more likely to occur to an early-maturing girl?
|
smoke, drink, become depressed, have an eating disorder, struggle for their independence from parents, and have older friends
|
|
During Adolescence, what are the three leading causes of death?
|
accidents, homicide, and suicide
|
|
What is the cause of almost half of all deaths occurring from 15 to 24 years old?
|
unintentional injuries
|
|
What is the rate of adolescent drug use in the United States?
|
higher than an industrialized mation
|
|
What is early onset drinking linked to?
|
increased risk of heavy drinking in middle age
|
|
What was the cause of alcohol use before 11 years old?
|
linked to higher risk for alcohol dependence in early adulthood
|
|
Who plays an important role in preventing adolescent drug abuse?
|
parents
|
|
What type of parenting is linked to lower adolescent alcohol consumption?
|
authoritative
|
|
Along with parents, who else plays a very important role in adolescent substance abuse?
|
peers
|
|
What is a strong buffer for the emergence of drug problems in adolescence?
|
educational success
|
|
What are two main eating disorders?
|
anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa
|
|
What is Anorexia Nervosa?
|
eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation
|
|
What are the four main characteristics that apply to people suffering from Anorexia Nervosa?
|
1. weight less than 85% of what is considered normal for their age and height
2. intense fear of gaining weight that does not decrease with weight loss 3. distorted image of their body shape 4. amenorrhea in girls who have reached puberty |
|
What is Amenorrhea?
|
lack of menstration
|
|
What is linked to Anorexia Nervosa?
|
obsessive thinking about weight and compulsive exercise
|
|
When does Anorexia Nervosa typically begin?
|
early to middle adolescent years
|
|
In comparison to females, are symptoms for Anorexia nervosa similar or different for males
|
similar
|
|
What is the predominant race that has anorexia?
|
non-latina white adolescent or young adult females from well-educated, middle and upper-income families and are competitive and high achieving
|
|
What two factors are involved in Anorexia Nervosa?
|
biology and culture
|
|
What plays an important role in anorexia nervosa?
|
genes
|
|
What is the most effective treatment of adolescent girls dealing with Anorexia Nervosa?
|
family therapy
|
|
How much more likely is Anorexia to occur in females than males?
|
10 times
|
|
What is Bulimia Nervosa?
|
eating disorder in which the individual consistently follows a binge-and-purge pattern
|
|
What do individuals with Bulimia do?
|
go on an eating binge and the purge by self-inducing vomiting or using a laxative
|
|
When is an individual considered to have a serious bulimic disorder?
|
if the episodes occur at least twice a week for three months
|
|
What are the four main characteristics that apply to people suffering from Bulimia Nervosa?
|
1. preoccupied with food
2. strong fear of becoming overweight 3. depressed or anxious 4. distorted body image |
|
What does the overvaluation of their body and weight linked to?
|
higher depression and lower self-esteem
|
|
Where do Bulimic individuals fall on weight range?
|
normal
|
|
What percentage of US women are estimated to develop Bulimia?
|
1% to 2%
|
|
What percentage of Bulimic individuals are women?
|
90%
|
|
When does Bulimia Nervosa typically begin?
|
late adolescence or early adulthood
|
|
What is the most effective treatment of adolescent girls dealing with Bulimia Nervosa?
|
drug therapy and psychotherapy
|
|
According to Piaget, what stage of cognitive development are adolescents in?
|
Formal Operational Stage
|
|
What age does the Formal Operational Stage begin?
|
around age 11
|
|
What is the Formal Operational Stage?
|
fourth and final stage of cognitive development
|
|
What are the five main characteristics of the Formal Operational Stage?
|
1. more abstract than concrete operational thought
2. increased verbal problem-solving ability 3. increased tendency to think about thought itself 4. thoughts of idealism and possibilities 5. more logical thought |
|
What is Adolescent Egocentrism?
|
heightened self-consciousness of adolescents
|
|
According to David Elkind, what two components does adolescent egocentrism have?
|
the imaginary audience and personal fable
|
|
What is Imaginary Audience?
|
adolescents' belief that others are as interested in them as they themselves are and attention getting behavior
|
|
What is an example of imaginary audience?
|
an 8th grade boy walks into a classroom thinking that all eyes are on him
|
|
What do adolescents believe during early adolescence?
|
they are "on-stage," they believe they are the main actors and all others are the audience
|
|
According to Elkind, what is Personal Fable?
|
involves a sense of uniqueness and invincibility
|
|
How does an adolescents sense of personal uniqueness make them feel?
|
that no one can understand how they really feel
|
|
What do adolescents do in order to retain a sense of personal uniqueness?
|
craft a story about the self that is filled with fantasy, immersing themselves in a world that is far removed from reality
|
|
What does an individuals sense of invincibility lead to?
|
believe they are invulnerable to dangers and catastrophes
|
|
According to Erikson's theory what is the fifth developmental stage?
|
identity vs identity confusion
|
|
What happens during the "identity vs identity confusion" stage?
|
adolescents are faced with deciding who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life
|
|
What is the search for an identity during adolescence aided by?
|
psychosocial moratorium
|
|
According to Erikson, what is Psychosocial Moratorium?
|
gap between childhood security and adult autonomy
|
|
What happens during the Psychosocial Moratorium period?
|
society leaves adolescents relatively free of responsibilities and able to try out different identities
|
|
Who is Marcia?
|
an Eriksonian researcher
|
|
What did Marcia believe?
|
Erikson's theory of identity development encompasses four statues of identity, or ways of resolving the identity crisis
|
|
According to Marcia, what are the four statuses of identity?
|
identity diffusion, identity foreclosure, identity moratorium, and identity achievment
|
|
According to Marcia, what determines an individuals identity status?
|
individuals are classified based on the existence or extent of their crisis or commitment
|
|
According to Marcia, what is Crisis?
|
defined as a period of identity development during which the individual is exploring alternatives
|
|
According to Marcia, What is Commitment?
|
part of identity development in which adolescents show a personal investment in forming an identity
|
|
According to Marcia, what is Identity Diffusion?
|
adolescents who have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments
|
|
According to Marcia, what is Identity Foreclosure?
|
adolescents who have made a commitment but have not experienced a crisis
|
|
According to Marcia, what is Identity Moratorium?
|
adolescents who are in the midst of crisis, but their commitments are either absent or vaguely defined
|
|
According to Marcia, what is Identity Achievement?
|
adolescents who have undergone a crisis and have made a commitment
|
|
What is the concept of the new model of parent-adolescent relationship?
|
attachment and autonomy;parents are important support systems and attachment figures.
moderate parent-adolescent conflict is common and can serve a positive developmental function |
|
What is meant by attachment and autonomy?
|
parents are important support systems and attachment figures
|
|
Who was Harry Stack Sullivan?
|
the most influential theorists to discuss the importance of adolescent frienships
|
|
According to Sullivan, why are adolescent friendships important?
|
shape development of children and adolescents, important in meeting social needs, can foreshadow the quality of romantic relationships in emerging adulthood
|
|
What is a clique?
|
small group that ranges from about 2 to 12 individuals, averaging about 5 or 6 individuals, and often consists of adolescents who engage in similar activities
|
|
What do adolescents do in cliques?
|
share ideas and hang out together
|
|
What is a crowd?
|
larger group structure than a clique, a crowd is usually based on reputation and members may or may not spend much time together
|
|
What is a Rite of Passage?
|
a ceremony or ritual that marks an individuals transition from one status to another
|
|
What do most Rites of Passage focus on?
|
the transition to adult status
|
|
What is a Juvenile Delinquent?
|
an adolescent who breaks the law or engages in behavior that is considered illegal
|
|
Are males or females more likely to engage in delinquency?
|
males
|
|
What has happened to percentage of caseload concerning female delinquents from 1985 to 2007?
|
increased 8%
|
|
What causes Delinquency?
|
heredity, identity problems, community influences, and family experiences
|
|
According to Erikson, why do adolescents choose a negative identity?
|
their development has restricted them from acceptable social roles, or made them feel that they cannot measure up to the demands placed on them
|
|
Where do adolescent with a negative identity find support for their delinquent image?
|
among peers, reinforcing the negative identity
|
|
For Erikson, what is delinquency?
|
an attempt to establish an identity, even if it is a negative one
|
|
What is Emerging Childhood?
|
transition from adolescence to adulthood
|
|
When does Emerging Adulthood occur?
|
approximately 18 to 25 years of age
|
|
According to Arnett, what are the five key features that characterize emerging adulthood?
|
identity exploration, especially in love and work, instability, self-focused, feeling in-between, the age of possibilities, a time when individuals have an opportunity to transform their lives
|
|
According to Arnett, what is meant by "Identity Exploration, especially in love and work?"
|
emerging adulthood is the time during which key changes in identity take place for many individuals
|
|
According to Arnett, what is meant by "Instability?"
|
residential changes peal during early adulthood, a time during which there also is often instability in love, work, and education
|
|
According to Arnett, what is meant by "Self-Focused?"
|
emerging adults have little in the way of social obligations, little in the way of duties and commitments to others, which leaves them with a great deal of autonomy in running their own lives
|
|
According to Arnett, what is meant by "In-Between?"
|
many emerging adults don't consider themselves adolescents or full-fledged adults
|
|
According to Arnett, what is one thing that is meant by "the age of possibilities, a time when individuals have an opportunity to transform their lives?"
|
many emerging adults are optimistic about their future
|
|
According to Arnett, what is one thing that is meant by "the age of possibilities, a time when individuals have an opportunity to transform their lives?"
|
for emerging adults who have experienced difficult times while growing up, emerging adulthood presents an opportunity to reorient their lives in a more positive direction
|
|
What is one serious and pervasive health problem for many individuals?
|
obesity
|
|
What percentage of 27-39 year olds are obese?
|
27%
|
|
Out of 33 developed countries, which country had the highest percentage of obese adults?
|
United States
|
|
Out of 33 developed countries, which country had the lowest percentage of obese adults?
|
Japan
|
|
What is obesity linked to?
|
hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease
|
|
What is being overweight and obese associated with?
|
mental problems
|
|
For individuals that are 30% overweight, what is the increase in probability of death in middle adulthood?
|
40%
|
|
What is Extreme Binge Drinking?
|
individuals who had 10 or more drinks in a row
|
|
Has binge drinking increased or declined from 2004 to 2007?
|
decreased
|
|
What percentage has binge drinking declined from 2004 to 2007?
|
4%
|
|
Binge Drinking college students are _______ times more likely to drive after drinking
|
ten
|
|
Binge Drinking college students are _______ times more likely to fall behind in school
|
eleven
|
|
Binge Drinking college students are _______ as likely to have unprotected sex
|
twice
|
|
What does STI stand for?
|
Sexually Transmitted Infections
|
|
What is an STI?
|
disease that is primarily contracted through sex- intercourse as well as oran-genital and anal-genital sex
|
|
How many US adults are affected by an STI?
|
one in six
|
|
What is an individuals sexual orientation determined by?
|
combination of genetic, hormonal, cognitive, and environmental factors
|
|
What are 6 STI's?
|
gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia, genital herpes, AIDS, and genital warts
|
|
What is the most prevalent type of STI?
|
bacterial infections
|
|
What are three types of STI bacterial infections?
|
gonorrhea, syphilis, and chlamydia
|
|
What are three types of STI's caused by viruses?
|
genital herpes, AIDS, and genital warts
|
|
What is Gonorrhea caused by?
|
the bacterium, Neisseria Gonorrhoeae
|
|
How is Gonorrhea spread?
|
contact between infected moist membranes (genital, oral-genital, anal-genital) of two individuals
|
|
What is Gonorrhea characterized by?
|
discharge from penis or vagina and painful urination
|
|
What can Gonorrhea lead to?
|
infertility
|
|
Annually, how many cases of Gonorrhea in the US are there?
|
500,000 cases
|
|
Typically, what is the treatment for Gonorrhea?
|
penicillin, other antibiotics
|
|
What is Syphilis caused by?
|
the bacterium, Treponema Pallidum
|
|
What is Syphilis characterized by?
|
the appearance of a sore where Syphilis entered the body
|
|
Where can Syphilis be seen?
|
external genitals, vagina, or anus
|
|
Later on, what happens to an individual with Syphilis?
|
a skin rash breaks out on palms of hands and bottom of feet
|
|
If Syphilis is not treated, what can happen?
|
can lead to paralysis or even death
|
|
Annually, how many cases of Syphilis in the US are there?
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100,000 cases
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Typically, what is the treatment for Syphilis?
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penicillin
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What is Chlamydia caused by?
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a common STI named for the bacterium Chlamydia Trachomatis
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How is Chlamydia spread?
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sexual contact
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What does Chlamydia do to the genital organs of both sexes?
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infects the genital organs
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For women, what can Chlamydia lead to?
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infertility
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What is a recommendation about Chlamydia?
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that adolescent and young adult females have an annual screening for Chlamydia
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Annually, how many cases of Chlamydia in the US are there?
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about 3 million people
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Typically, what is the treatment for Chlamydia?
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antibiotics
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What is Genital Herpes caused by?
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a family of viruses with different strains
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How are Genital Herpes spread?
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sexual contact
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What do Genital Herpes involve?
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an eruption of sores and blisters
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Annually, how many cases of Genital Herpes in the US are there?
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one in five US adults
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Typically, what is the treatment for Genital Herpes?
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there is no known cure but antiviral medications can shorten outbreaks
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What is AIDS caused by?
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once a person is infected with HIV, the virus breaks down and overpowers the immune system which leads to AIDS
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How is AIDS spread?
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semen and blood
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What are common symptoms of an individual with AIDS?
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fevers, night sweats, weight loss, chronic fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes
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Annually, how many cases of AIDS in the US are there?
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more than 300,000 cases of HIV virus in US 25-34 year olds
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Typically, what is the treatment for AIDS?
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no cure but new treatments have slowed the progression from HIV to AIDS
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What countries have an epidemic incidence of AIDS?
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sub-saharan countries
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What is Genital Warts caused by?
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the human papilloma-virus
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Does an individual with Genital Warts usually show symptoms?
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no
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What are Genital Warts characterized by?
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small, hard painless bumps in the vaginal area, or around the anus
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Are Genital Warts contagious?
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yes, very
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What can Genital Warts cause?
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cervical cancer and other genital cancers
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What is Gardasil?
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a new HPV preventive vaccine, approved for girls and women 9-26 years of age
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Annually, how many cases of Genital Warts in the US are there?
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about 5.5 million new cases annually
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Typically, what is the treatment for Genital Warts?
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a topical drug, freezing, or surgery
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What is the most common STI in the United States?
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Genital Warts
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What is Rape?
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forcible sexual intercourse with a person who does not give consent
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What is Date or Acquaintance Rape?
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coercive sexual activity directed at someone with whom the perpetrator is at least casually acquainted
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What is Sexual Harassment?
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a manifestation of power of one person over another
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What three ways has the division of responsibility for work and family changed?
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1. US husbands are taking increased responsibility for maintaining the home
2. US women are taking increased responsibility for breadwinning 3. US men are showing greater interest in their families and parenting |
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What is a result of the increase in women working outside the home?
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new work-related and family issues have arisen
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Who has had a difficulty breaking through the "glass ceiling?"
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women and ethnic minorities
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According to Erikson, what is the sixth developmental stage?
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Intimacy vs Isolation
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According to Erikson, what is intimacy?
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finding oneself while losing oneself in another person
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According to Erikson, what does intimacy require?
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a commitment to another person
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What can an inability to develop meaningful relationships with others harm?
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an individual's personality
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What is the key developmental issue in early adulthood?
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intimacy vs isolation
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What is Romantic Love?
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has strong sexual and infatuation components
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What is Romantic Love also called?
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passionate love, or eros
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When is Romantic Love predominantly seen in a love relationship?
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the early period
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What is Affectionate Love also called?
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companionate love
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What is Affectionate Love?
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type of love that occurs when someone desires to have the other person near and has a deep, caring affection for the person
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In reference to love, what did Sternberg propose?
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a tri-archic theory of love
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In the tri-archic theory of love, love can be thought of as a triangle. What are the three main dimensions of this triangle?
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passion, intimacy, and commitment
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According to the tri-archic theory of love, what does Passion involve?
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physical and sexual attraction to another
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According to the tri-archic theory of love, what does Intimacy relate to?
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the emotional feelings of warmth, closeness, and sharing in a relationship
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According to the tri-archic theory of love, what is Commitment?
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the cognitive appraisal of the relationship and the intent to maintain the relationship even in the face of problems
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|
According to Sternberg, what is the strongest, fullest form of love?
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consummate love
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|
What is Consummate Love?
|
involves passion, intimacy, and commitment
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What ingredients are involved in relationship who is infatuated?
|
passion is the only ingredient in a relationship
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What is Affectionate Love?
|
If a relationship is marked by intimacy and commitment but low or lacking in passion
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|
What is Fatuous Love?
|
If a relationship is marked by passion and commitment but low or lacking in intimacy
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in 2010, what percentage of Americans were married?
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51%
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In 1960, what percentage of Americans were married?
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72%
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What percentage of US adults have never married?
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27%
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|
In 2011, what is the average age for marriage for men?
|
28.7 years old
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|
In 2011, what is the average age for marriage for women?
|
26.5 years old
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|
In 1980, what was the average age for marriage for men?
|
24 years old
|
|
In 1980, what was the average age for marriage for women?
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21 years old
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|
In the US, what is the average duration of marriage?
|
just over 9 years
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|
In 1960, what percentage of the adult population is divorced?
|
1.8%
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|
In 2007, what percentage of the adult population is divorced?
|
8.6%
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|
If a divorce is going to occur, when is it most likely to occur?
|
in the 5th to 10th years of marriage
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|
What percentage of adults remarry within 3 years after getting divorced?
|
50%
|
|
What did John Gottman do?
|
used many methods to analyze what makes marriages work
|
|
According to Gottman, what principles indicate a marriage will work?
|
couples establish love maps, nurture fondness and admiration, turn toward each other, accept the influence of the partner, and created shared meaning
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|
In order to make a marriage work, what does Gottman emphasize?
|
partners need to develop a deep friendship, show respect for each other, and embrace commitment
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|
In the US, what childbearing trends have changed?
|
one-child families are increasing and women are having fewer children
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What type of trends are these childbearing results creating for women?
|
by giving birth to fewer children, and reducing the demands of child care, women free up a significant portion of their life spans for other endeavors
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|
What type of trends are these childbearing results creating for men?
|
they are more apt to invest a greater amount of time in fathering
|
|
What are some advantages of having children earlier, in their twenties?
|
parents are likely to have more physical energy, likely to have fewer medical problems with childbirth and pregnancy, the parents may be less likely to build up expectations for their children
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What are some advantages of having children later, in their thirties?
|
parents will have had more time to consider and achieve some of their goals in life, parents will be more mature, parents will be better established in their careers and have more income for child-rearing expenses
|
|
What are strategies for divorced adults?
|
think of divorce as a chance to grow personally and to develop more positive relationships, making decisions carefully, focusing more on future, use strengths and resources to cope with difficulties, and not expecting to be successful and happy in everything you do
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|
What is Genetic Expression?
|
activity of genes
|
|
What is Genetic Expression affected by?
|
environment
|
|
According to Erikson, what stage of development is the first year of life characterized by?
|
trust-versus-mistrust
|
|
What did Erikson propose about trust in infants?
|
infants learn trust when they are cared for in a consistently nurturant manner
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|
What did Erikson propose about mistrust in infants?
|
if the infant is not well fed and kept warm on a consistent basis, a sense of mistrust is likely to develop
|
|
What is the lower limit of the ZPD?
|
the level of skill reached by the child working independently
|
|
What is the upper limit of the ZPD?
|
level of additional responsibility the child can accept with the assistance of an able instructor
|
|
What is Vygotsky's theory approach?
|
social constructivist approach
|
|
What does Vygotsky's social constructivist approach theory emphasize?
|
the social contexts of learning and the construction of knowledge through social interaction
|
|
What is Gender Typing?
|
the process by which a child becomes aware of their gender and thus behaves accordingly by adopting values and attributes of members of the sex that they identify as their own
|
|
What are consequences of maltreatment in childhood and adolescence?
|
poor emotion regulation, attachment problems, problems in peer relations, difficulty in adapting to school, depression, or delinquency
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|
What are consequences in adult years of maltreatment in childhood and adolescence?
|
more likely to experience physical and mental health issues as well as sexual problems
|
|
What percentage of children are born to married parents who get divorced?
|
40%
|
|
What happens to custodial mothers after divorce?
|
lose about 1/4 to 1/2 of their pre-divorce income, increased workload, high rates of job instability, and residential moves to less desireable neighborhoods with inferior schools
|
|
When adults punish a child by yelling, screaming, or spanking, what are they presenting their child with?
|
out-of-control models for handling stressful situations
|
|
What is one effect of a parent punishing their child by yelling, screaming, or spanking?
|
children may imitate this behavior
|
|
What can punishment instill in a child?
|
fear, rage, or avoidance
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