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106 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
  • 3rd side (hint)
The dependent variable is the one the investigator expects to
be influenced by the independent variable.
According to __________ children move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations
the psychoanalytic perspective
Both __________ and __________ protect immigrant youths from delinquency early pregnancy drug use and other risky behaviors
family relationships school achievement
British philosopher John Locke viewed the child as
a tabula rasa.
__________ is generally regarded as the founder of the child-study movement
G. Stanley Hall
Which of the following statements is true about collectivist societies
Collectivist societies value the interdependent self.
Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural theory focuses on
how the values beliefs customs and skills of a social group are transmitted to the next generation.
Which of the following is a major limitation of neurobiological methods
Many factors besides those of interest to the researcher can influence a physiological response
Which of the following statements is true about the cross-sectional design
Researchers are not concerned with selective attrition.
Binet defined intelligence as
good judgment planning and critical reflection.
Locke regarded development as __________ and largely influenced by __________
continuous; nurture
The two most frequently used measures of brain functioning __________ and __________ detect electric activity in the cerebral cortex
EEG;ERPs
One major limitation of the ethnographic method is
findings cannot be applied to individuals and settings other than the ones studied.
__________ studies differ from correlational research only in that groups of participants are carefully chosen to ensure that their characteristics are as much alike as possible
Natural or quasi- experiment
According to Jean-Jacques Rousseau's view the child is
a noble savage.
An investigator is interested in capturing a culture's unique values and social processes. __________ is best-suited for this type of study
Ethnography
One major limitation of the ethnographic method is
findings cannot be applied to individuals and settings other than the ones studied.
The field of child development now recognizes that __________ is among the most powerful tools for preventing developmental problems and enhancing children's quality of life
sound public policy
According to Freud the superego strengthens during the __________ stage
latency
G. Stanley Hall and his student Arnold Gesell regarded child development as a
maturational process
The rooting reflex disappears around
3 weeks.
Baby Samantha adjusts her arm and hand movements to match the distance of objects from her eyes. Samantha is demonstrating
binocular depth perception.
Of all motor skills __________ may play the greatest role in infant cognitive development
reaching
Which of the following statements is true about intermodal perception
Intermodal sensitivity is crucial for perceptual development.
To find out how infants acquire motor capacities researchers conduct
microgenetic studies
Baby Grace sees and hears a bouncing ball. When she hears the sound later without seeing the ball she is nonetheless able to recognize a picture of a ball. Grace is demonstrating
intermodal perception.
Infants with severe visual impairments are not motivated to move independently until
"reaching on sound" is achieved.
__________ and __________ are evident in the first week of life long before babies can actively rotate objects and view them from different angles
Size constancy; shape constanc
According to Eleanor and James Gibson's __________ theory infants actively search for invariant features of the environment
differentiation
__________ is the first depth cue to which infants are sensitive
motion
Children use current schemes to interpret their world in the process of __________ whereas __________ allows them to create new schemes or adjust old ones after noticing that their current way of thinking does not capture the environment completely
assimilation; accommodation
Ten-year-old Delaney is helping her dad put new shingles on her playhouse in the backyard. Her dad asks her to put the shingles in order from longest to shortest so that he can vary the start of each row. She is able to do this because she
can perform seriation tasks.
In Piaget's theory when children are in a state of disequilibrium
they realize that new information does not match their current schemes.
According to theory theory
Children draw on innate concepts to form explanations of everyday events.
A criticism of both the core knowledge perspective and Piaget's theory focuses on
their inability to explain how heredity and environment jointly produce cognitive change.
Once young people enter the formal operational stage they are able to systematically isolate and combine variables to see which of these inferences are confirmed in the real world through
hypothetico-deductive reasoning.
According to Piaget's theory during periods of rapid cognitive change children
shift from assimilation to accommodation
In Piaget's theory infants are unable to mentally represent experience until about _____ months of age
18
In Vygotsky's theory
when two participants to a task each adjust to the perspective of the other in order to create common ground for communication they are
contributing to cognitive development through intersubjectivity.
Two-year-old Maya is building a block tower. Her father begins by pointing to where each block needs to go as Maya piles them up. As Maya's competence with the task increases
her father gradually withdraws support. This is an example of
scoffting
Baillargeon's violation-of-expectation studies provided evidence that infants have some knowledge of object permanence
between 2½ and 3½ months.
The most important illogical feature of preoperational thought is
irreversibility
In Piaget's theory children move through four stages
during which their exploratory behaviors transform into logical and abstract intelligence.
Autobiographical memory emerges episodic memory becomes more elaborate and familiar events are remembered in scripts at __________ years
2 to 5
Findings show that selective attention improves sharply between ages __________ with gains continuing into adulthood
6 and 10
Ms. Varria holds up a particularly curly French fry and says "Wow! This is a corkscrew fry!" Four-year-old Danita points to a little girl with curly hair and says "Corkscrew hair!" Danita is using __________ to decipher the meaning of corkscrew
syntactic bootstrapping
According to the principle of mutual exclusivity bias children
assume that words refer to nonoverlapping categories
ERP and fMRI measures of brain activity indicate that second-language processing is
less lateralized and also overlaps less with brain areas devoted to first-language processing in older than in younger learners.
The sequence of acquiring grammatical morphemes depends on __________ and __________
structural complexity; semantic complexity
Research on styles of early language learning suggests that referential-style children often
have an especially active interest in exploring objects
Baby Juan holds up his stuffed panda and points to it making sure his father notices it. Juan is engaging in a __________ gesture
protodeclarative
__________ exposes children to great breadth of language knowledge and is especially helpful in modeling how to communicate in a clear coherent narrative style
Dialogue with caregivers about storybooks
Which of the following statements is a limitation of Chomsky's nativist perspective
Chomsky's theory cannot explain how children weave statements together into connected discourse and sustain meaningful conversations.
What is the typical developmental pattern of young children's narratives
leapfrog chronological classic
Syntactic bootstrapping
is a theory that proposes that verbs presented in their syntactic frames provide a source of information about their meaning
Today more than _____ percent of U.S. mothers with a child under age 2 are employed
60
The __________ emphasizes that the broad function of __________ is to energize behavior aimed at attaining personal goals
functionalist approach; emotions
In adopted children with longer institutional stays the volume of the __________ is atypically __________
amygdala; large
Compared with infants who display __________ attachment __________ babies tend to receive overstimulating care
secure; avoidant
According to Mary Rothbart's model of temperament which dimension measures an individual's distress level when desires are frustrated
irritable distress
One criticism of home research observations of temperament is that
observers find it hard to capture all relevant information.
When emotional self-regulation has developed well young people acquire a sense of
emotional self-efficacy.
fMRI studies on the brains of children with autism show
reduced activity in areas of the cerebral cortex involved in processing emotional and social information
Mastery of false belief signals a change in representation—the ability to view beliefs as
interpretations not just reflections of reality.
Because her mother and grandmother were teachers Melissa has decided to become a teacher. Melissa is demonstrating identity
foreclosure
Children who possess an incremental view of ability
believe that ability can be increased through effort.
Attributional retraining is most effective when
begun early before children's views of themselves become hard to change.
Appreciation of __________ enables children to pinpoint the reasons that another person arrived at a certain belief
second-order false belief
Four-year-old Alicia gives up easily when faced with challenging tasks. Research shows which of the following factors most likely applies to Alicia
She has parents who are highly critical of her worth and performance
Fourteen-year-old Farica volunteers at a local animal shelter to help her decide whether to become a veterinarian. Farica is demonstrating identity
moratorium
Beginning in __________ self-descriptions emphasize positive and negative traits
middle childhood
Five-year-old Jamari observes his friend Liam fall while ice skating. Instead of crying Liam starts to laugh and Jamari imagines what Liam's thoughts and feelings might be. Jamari is using __________ to understand Liam's actions
perspective taking
Moral maturity is positively correlated with
IQ
At Kohlberg's conventional level moral understanding is based on
actively maintaining the current social system to ensure positive human relationships and societal order.
Viewing the child as a thinking moral being who wonders about right and wrong and searches for moral truth is the approach endorsed by
cognitive-developmental theorists.
In the past decade wars have left _____ million children physically disabled and _____ million homeless
6; 20
The existence of postconventional morality is a matter of speculation because
it is so rare that no clear evidence exists that Stage 6 actually follows Stage 5.
Both Piaget and Kohlberg used a(n) __________ procedure to study moral development
clinical intervening
Satish is a young child whose moral understanding is characterized by the belief that rules are fixed external features of reality. Satish's moral understanding reflects
realism.
A key controversy about Kohlberg's theory is
that his stages focus solely on moral reasoning during early and middle childhood.
At age 3 Heike shows great concern when her mother injures her finger while gardening. Given her empathy in this situation which of the following will be true of Heike at age 5
She will show strong moral self-perceptions
Induction points out the effects of
the child's misbehavior on others and makes it clear that the child caused it.
According to Freud moral development is largely complete by age
5 to 6.
According to Piaget older children in the morality of cooperation stage understand __________ which helps them realize that rules can be reinterpreted and revised
ideal reciprocity
__________ declines as preschoolers' improved capacity to delay gratification enables them to resist grabbing others' possessions
Proactive aggression
With age the emotional reactive hot system is increasingly subordinated to the cognitive reflective cool system as a result of
improved functioning of the prefrontal cortex
After seeing two little boys taunt another child on the playground Najai tells the teacher that they should make playground rules that protect other people's rights and welfare. Najai is requesting a common set of
moral imperatives.
When mothers label gender either with nouns or with pronouns these statements
encourage toddlers to sort their social world into gender categories.
Haruko scores high on both masculine and feminine personality characteristics. Haruko is displaying
androgyny.
__________ percent of North American and European children grow up with at least one sibling
80
Veda is an out-of-work parent whose child-care needs must be addressed before she can job hunt. She is in need of
parental access to valuable information and services.
Parents start to socialize their children in earnest during
the second year when toddlers are first able to comply with their directives.
Children of divorce spend an average of _____ years in a single-parent home
5
Which of the following personal qualities do higher-SES parents tend to emphasize they desire for their children
obedience politeness neatness and cleanliness
Over time the relationship between parenting and children's attributes becomes increasingly
bidirectional as each participant modifies the actions of the other.
Sibling rivalry tends to
increase in middle childhood.
In the Vygotsky-based innovation __________ teachers guide the overall process of learning but no other distinction is made between adult and child contributors
communities of learners
When asked about the meaning of friendship teenagers stress which of the following three characteristics
intimacy mutual understanding and loyalty
Which of the following interventions is most effective for changing the behavior of victimized children
Change victims' negative opinions of themselves
Among __________ without same-sex friends having an other-sex friend is associated with __________
boys; feelings of competence
To assess peer acceptance researchers usually use self-reports that measure __________ and __________
social preferences; social prominence
Magnet schools offer
the usual curriculum plus an emphasis on a specific area of interest.
In the Vygotsky-based innovation __________ teachers guide the overall process of learning but no other distinction is made between adult and child contributors
communities of learners
Not until age __________ do children acquire an adult-level understanding of the technical complexity of the Internet as a networklike system linking a computing center with many computers
10 OR 11
If Lydia goes to a constructivist classroom which of the following outcomes will most likely occur
She will show gains in critical thinking and moral maturity.
In Mr. Yi's classroom students participate in a wide range of challenging activities with teachers and peers with whom they jointly construct understandings. Mr. Yi most likely teaches in a __________ classroom
social-constructivist