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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What 3 interdependent domains of development is developmental psychology interested in?
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Physical
Cognitive Social |
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What two theories are there about the beginning of development (infancy)?
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Tabula Rasa
Small Adults |
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Developmental psychology is a midpoint between what two theories about beginning of development?
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Tabula Rasa
Small Adults |
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What are two key words that describe tabula rasa?
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Blank slate
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Shared human genes, unique genetic variation, gene-environment interaction, prenatal environment and hormonal activity are influences by what?
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Birth
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What kind of characteristics does nature contribute strongly to?
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Size
Hair colour |
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Complex traits are influenced by what two factors?
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Genes
Environment |
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What is a better explanation for development than nature versus nurture?
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Nature VIA nurture
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What is the idea behind nature via nurture?
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That heredity creates predispositions but environment influences how they develop
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What is the social ecology model of human development?
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Humans exist within multiple environmental contexts
Some are more/less influential at different times |
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What is cross-sectional research?
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Different participants of various ages compared at one point
Determines age-related differences |
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What is longitudinal research?
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Participants studied at various ages
Age related changes |
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What two kinds of differences may there be in developmental trajectories?
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Quantitative differences
Qualitative differences |
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Explain quantitative differences
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Individuals with developmental delay/disability
Go through same stages of development but slower |
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Explain qualitative differences
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Individuals with autism
Develop social and emotional skills differently |
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What three concepts come under development as an active process?
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Reciprocal influences
Active agency Adaptiveness |
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Explain reciprocal influences
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Individuals continuously interact with a changing set of contexts
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Explain active agency
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Individuals can change the context as much as the context can change them
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Adaptiveness
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Individuals operate in ways that make sense given their perception of their environment
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What is constructivism?
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The idea that through engaging with the world, children construct schema
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What are schema?
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Mental representations that help us understand how the world works
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Who is important to consider in constructivism?
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Piaget
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What is Piaget's first name?
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Jean
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Active thinking involves what two processes?
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Assimilation
Accommodation |
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What is assimilation?
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Taking new information and incorporating it into existing schema
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What is accommodation?
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Adjusting current schemas to account for new information that doesn't fit old representations
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Who is important in development through social interaction?
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Lev Vygotsky
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What is the idea behind development through social interaction?
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Learning from contact
Learning 'scripts' for activities in the world |
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What is cognition?
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Mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating
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What did Piaget believe about the way adults and children think?
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That they thought differently
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What is the name of the theory Paget made to explain how children develop?
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Theory of Cognitive Development
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What is the first stage of cognitive development?
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Sensorimotor
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What ages roughly does the sensorimotor stage cover?
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0-2
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What important markers are there in the sensorimotor stage?
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Simple reflexes
Circular reactions Object permanence Stranger anxiety |
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What is object permanence?
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Awareness that things exist even when they're not perceived
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What is an example of a circular reaction?
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1. Baby sucks thumb
2. Likes sucking 3. Continues sucking |
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What is stage 2 of cognitive development?
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Preoperational
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What age does the pre operational stage cover?
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2-7
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What characteristics are there in the preoperational stage?
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Use of mental representations
Limited problem solving Mental symbols Egocentrism |
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What is an example of a mental symbol that a child may employ?
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Fantasy play
Drawing Deferred imitation |
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What is egocentrism?
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Inability of a child to take another's point of view
Child cannot recognise other points of view exist Child cannot assume role of another person |
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What is theory of mind?
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People's ideas about their own and others' mental states
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At what age does theory of mind develop?
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Approximately 4-5 years of age
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What mental condition is marked by impaired theory of mind in children?
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Autism
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What is the third stage of cognitive development?
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Concrete operational
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What ages does the concrete operational stage cover?
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7-11
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What characteristics are formed in the concrete operational stage?
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Mental operations
Logical thinking Conservation |
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What is conservation in developmental psych?
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Knowing that a given quantity/weight/volume stays the same regardless of change in shape/volume/position
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What is the fourth stage of cognitive development?
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Formal operational
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What ages does the formal operational stage cover?
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12 years onward
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What characteristics develop in the formal operational stage of development?
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Abstract thinking
Imagined realities and images Formal problem solving |
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What are some issues with Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
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Development is thought to be more continuous than in stages
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What 3 key categories of infant attachment are there?
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Slow to warm up
Difficult Easy |
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What percentage of infants fit into the 3 core infant attachment styles?
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65%
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What is classified as easy infant temperament?
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Regular routines
Mild emotional reactions Easily soothes Readily adaptive to new people/situations |
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What is classified as difficult temperament?
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Does not easily settle into routines
Intense emotional reactions Not easily soothes Less adaptable |
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What is classified as slow to warm up infant temperament?
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Wary around new people and situations
Requires time and support to adapt |
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Who did an experiment with geese and imprinting?
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Lorenz
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Lorenz found that within how many hours was it vital for geese to imprint?
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First 72 hours
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Who developed a theory of attachment after WWII?
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John Bowlby
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Who had the idea that children have a predisposition to form a secure base before exploring the world?
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Bowlby
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Who conducted surrogate mother experiments with monkeys?
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Harlow
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What were the results of Harlow's surrogate mother experiments?
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Monkeys preferred the softer mother, even when feeding from nourishing mother
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Can a lack of a secure base in the early months of life impact brain development?
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Yes
Can cause long term emotional and cognitive problems |
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How does the brain physically change when there is no secure base formed within the early months of life?
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Parts for interaction with other people shrink
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Who developed theories on different types of attachment?
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Mary Ainsworth
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Mary Ainsworth developed what experiment with 12-18 month old babies to assess quality of attachment?
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Strage Situation
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Why would the behaviour associated with different attachment styles be different in certain countries?
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The differences in cultural norms
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How many kinds of behaviours associated with different attachment styles are there?
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5
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Baby plays around mother, continues when she leaves and ignores on return. Attachment behaviour?
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Avoidant (A)
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What percentage of babies approximately are in the avoidant category?
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25%
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Approximately what percentage of babies are in the securely attached category?
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60%
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Baby uses mother as base, plays around her, distressed when she leaves and seeks her when she returns. Behaviour attachment type?
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Securely attached
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Apprxoimately 10% of babies fit into which behaviour associated with attachment styles?
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Ambivalent/Resistant/Anxious
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Baby clings to mother, does not explore, is distressed when she leaves and angry when she returns. What attachment behaviour is this?
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Abivalent/Resistant/Anxious
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Less than 10% of babies fit into what category of behaviour and attachment?
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Disorganized
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Baby is cautious in play, confused when mother leaves, acts oddly on her return eg. hitting self, screaming etc.
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Disorganized
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How many different parenting styles are there?
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4
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Name the 4 different parenting styles
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Authoritarian
Authoritative Permissive Rejecting-neglecting |
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Parents impose rules and expect obedience. What parenting style is this?
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Authoritarian
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Parents are both demanding and responsive. They set rules but also explain and encourage discussion. Parenting style?
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Authoritative
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Parent submits to children's desires, makes few demands and gives little punishment. What parenting style is this?
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Permissive
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Parent is disengaged and expects and invests little into their child. Parenting style?
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Rejecting-neglecting
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The best parenting style is which and why?
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It differs based upon the cultural values.
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What kinds of adult attachment styles are there?
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Secure
Avoidant Anxious |
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What characteristics would an adult with secure attachment show?
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Easy to get close to others
Comfortable depending on others High self esteem Extrovert Not concerned about being abandoned |
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What characteristics would an adult with avoid ant attachment show?
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Uncomfortable with close relationships
Finds it difficult to trust completely Feels left out |
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What characteristics would an adult with anxious attachment show?
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Depression/anxiety/substance abuse
Worries excessively Wants more closeness Worries that partner doesn't love them |
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Who developed the psychosocial theory of development?
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Erik Erikson
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How does Erik Erikson's theory of development differ from Piaget?
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Continues throughout adulthood
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What three stages are there in Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory of development for children?
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Trust vs. Mistrust
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Industry vs. Inferiority |
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Explain Erikson's trust vs. mistrust stage?
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Degree to which needs are met will effect degree of trust
0-1 |
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Explain Erikson's autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage
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Mastering it makes more independent
Toilet training 1-3 |
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Explain Erikson's industry vs. inferiority stage
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Primary school age
Awareness of competence in comparison to others 6-puberty |
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Explain Erikson's initiative vs. guilt stage
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3-6
Learning to initiate tasks Carry to plains Feel guilty about efforts to be independent |
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Identity vs. Role Confusion
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teens-20s
Refining sense of self Testing out roles and integrating them Form a single identity or become confused |
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Intimacy vs. Isolation
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20s-40s
Struggle to form close relationships Gain capacity for intimate love Or feel socially isolated |
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Generativity vs. stagnation
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Sense of contributing to the world
Lack of purpose |
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Integrity vs. Despair
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Feeling sense of satisfaction or failure
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