Developmental Psychology 1

Front 1

Developmental science

Back 1

A field of study devoted to understanding consistency and change throughout the lifespan

Front 2

Theory

Back 2

is an orderly, integrated set of statements the describes, explains , and predicts behavior

Front 3

Continuous

Back 3

a process of gradually augmenting the same types of skills that were there to begin with

Front 4

discontinuous

Back 4

a process in which new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge are specific times

Front 5

stages

Back 5

qualitative changes in thinking, feeling, and behaving that characterize specific periods of development

Front 6

contexts

Back 6

unique combinations of personal and environmental circumstances that can result in different paths of change

Front 7

nature VS. Nurture

Back 7

are genetic or environmental factors more important

Front 8

Plasticity

Back 8

throughout life-as life open to change in response to influential experiances

Front 9

lifespan perspective

Back 9

four assumptions make up this broader view: that development is (1) lifelong (2) multidimensional and multidirectional (3) highly plastic (4)affected by multiple, interacting forces

Front 10

resilience

Back 10

The ability to adapt effectively in the fact of threats to development

Front 11

age-graded influences

Back 11

events that are strongly related to age and therefore fairly predictable in when they occur and how long they last

Front 12

history-graded influences

Back 12

explain why people born around the same time - called a cohort - tend to be alike in ways that set them apart from people born at other times

Front 13

nonnormative influances

Back 13

events that are irregular: they happen to just one person or a few people and do not follow a predictable timetable

Front 14

Normative approach

Back 14

which measures of behavior are taken on large numbers of individuals, and age-relates averages are computed to represent typical development

Front 15

psychoanalytic perspective

Back 15

people move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations. how these conflicts are resolved determines the person's ability to learn, to get along with others, and to cope with anxiety

Front 16

psychosexual theory

Back 16

which emphasizes that how parents manage their child's sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial for healthy personality development

Front 17

psychosocial theory

Back 17

Erikson emphasized that in addition to mediating between id impulses and superego demands , the ego makes a positive contribution to development, acquiring attitudes and skills that make the individual an active, contributing member of society

Front 18

behaviorism

Back 18

directly observable events - stimuli and responses - are the appropriate focus of study

Front 19

Social learning theory

Back 19

the most influential, devised by Albert Bandura (1945-), emphasizes modeling, also known as imitation or observation learning , as a powerful source of development

Front 20

behavior modification

Back 20

consists of procedures that combine conditioning and modeling to eliminate undesirable behaviors and increase desirable response

Front 21

Cognitive-developmental theory

Back 21

children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world

Front 22

information processing

Back 22

the human mind might also be viewed as a symbol-manipulating system though which information flows - a perspective

Front 23

developmental cognitive neuroscience

Back 23

bring together researchers from psychology, biology, neuroscience, and medicine to study the relationship between changes in the brain and the developing person's cognitive processing and behavior patterns

Front 24

ethology

Back 24

concerned with adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its evolutionary history.

Front 25

sociocultural theory

Back 25

focuses on how culture - the value beliefs, customs, and skills of a social group - is transmitted to the next generation. according to Vygotsky, social interaction- in particular, cooperative dialouges with more knowledgeable members of society- is necessary for children to acquire the ways of thinking and behaving that make up a community's culture.

Front 26

ecological system theory

Back 26

views the person as a developing with in a complex system of reviews the person as developing withing a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surroundingenviornment

Front 27

Microsystems

Back 27

innermost level of the environment, consists of activities and interaction patterns in the person's immediate surrounding

Front 28

mesosystem

Back 28

second level of Bronfernbrenner's model, encompasses connections between microsystems

Front 29

exosystem

Back 29

consists of social setting that do not contain the developing person but nevertheless affect experiences in imediate

Front 30

macrosystems

Back 30

consists of cultural values, laws, customs, and resources

Front 31

Chronosystem

Back 31

Bronfenbrenner called the temporal dimension of his model. life changes can be imposed externally or, alternatively, can arise from within the person, since individuals select, modify, and create many of their own settings and experiences.

Front 32

naturalistic observation

Back 32

one approach is to go into the field, or natural environment, and record the behavior of interest

Front 33

structured observations

Back 33

in which the investigator sets up a laboratory situation that evokes the behavior of intrests so that every participant has equal opportunity to display the response

Front 34

clinical interview

Back 34

researchers use a flexible, conversation style to probe for the participant's point of view

Front 35

Clinical, case study, method

Back 35

brings together a wide range of information on one person, including interviews, observations, and test scores

Front 36

ethnography

Back 36

like the clinical method, ethnographic research is a descriptive, qualitative technique. but instead of aiming to understand a single individual, it is directed toward understanding a culture or a distinct social group through participant observation

Front 37

Correlation design

Back 37

researchers gather information on individuals, generally in natural life circumstances, without altering their behavior or development

Front 38

correlation coefficient

Back 38

a number that describes how two measures, or variables, are associated with each other

Front 39

random assignment

Back 39

participants are placed into treatment conditions by using an unbiased procedure, such as drawing numbers out of a hat or flipping a coin, investigators increase the chance that participants' characteristics will be equally distributed

Front 40

cross-sectional design

Back 40

groups of people differing in age are studied at the same point in time

Front 41

sequential design

Back 41

in which they conduct several similar cross-sectional or longitudinal studies

Front 42

Chromosomes

Back 42

rod like structures which store ad transmit genetic information

Front 43

DNA ( Deoxyribonucleic acid)

Back 43

chemical substance that makes up chromosomes.

Front 44

gene

Back 44

is a segment of DNA along the length of the chromosome

Front 45

Mitosis

Back 45

the process in which DNA is duplicated

Front 46

Gametes

Back 46

Sex cells such as sperm and ovum. have half the chromosomes normally found in the human body

Front 47

Meiosis

Back 47

the process of cell division in which gametes are formed.

Front 48

Zygote

Back 48

when the sperm and ovum unite at conception resulting in a full cell

Front 49

Autosomes

Back 49

22 of the 23 pairs of chromosomes are matching pairs (non-sex chromosomes)

Front 50

Sex chromosomes

Back 50

the twenty - third chromosome that gives a perons their sex. XX girl XY boy

Front 51

fraternal, dizygotic twin

Back 51

most common type of multiple offspring, resulting from release and fertilization of two ova

Front 52

identical, monozygotic twins

Back 52

a zygote that has started to duplicate seperates into two clusters of cells that develop into two individuals with the same genetic makeup

Front 53

allele

Back 53

two forms of each gene at the same place of the chromosome, one from each parent

Front 54

homozygous

Back 54

if both alleles are the same

Front 55

heterozygous

Back 55

the two alleles are different

Front 56

dominant - recessive inheritance

Back 56

only when one of the genes affect the child's characteristics .

Front 57

dominant

Back 57

has an effect on the characteristics of the child

Front 58

recessive

Back 58

has no effect on the child's characteristics

Front 59

carriers

Back 59

heterozygous individuals with just one recessive allele can pass that trait on to their children

Front 60

incomplete dominance

Back 60

patterns of inheritance in which both alleles are expressed in the phenotype, resulting in a combined trait, or one that is intermediate between the two.

Front 61

x-linked inheritance

Back 61

when an allele is carried by the x chromosome, males are more likely to be affect becausr of their sex chromosomes do not match

Front 62

genomic imprinting

Back 62

alleles are imprinted, or chemically marked, so that one pair member is actived, regardless of its makeup

Front 63

mutation

Back 63

a sudden but permanent change in a segment of DNA

Front 64

polygenic inheritance

Back 64

in which many genes influence the characteristics in question

Front 65

genetic counseling

Back 65

is a communication process designed to help couples assess their chances of giving birth to a baby with a hereditary disorder and choose the best course of action in view of risks and family goals

Front 66

prenatal diagnostic methods

Back 66

procedures that permit detection of developmental problems befor birth

Front 67

co-parenting

Back 67

mutually supporting each other's parenting behaviors

Front 68

socioeconomic status(SES)

Back 68

relates years of education, the prestige of one's job and the skill it requires, both of which measure social status, and income, which measures economic status

Front 69

subcultures

Back 69

groups of people with beliefs and customs that differ from those of the larger community

Front 70

Extended family households

Back 70

is where 3 or more generations live together

Front 71

collectivist societies

Back 71

people define themselves as part of a group and stress group goals over individual goals

Front 72

individualistic societies

Back 72

people think of themselves as separate entities and are largely concerned with their own personal needs

Front 73

public policies

Back 73

laws and government programs designed to improve current conditions

Front 74

behavioral genetics

Back 74

is a field devoted to uncovering the contributions of nature and nurture to this diversity in human traits and abilities

Front 75

heritability estimates

Back 75

measure the extent to which individual differences in complex traits in a specfic population are due to genetic factors

Front 76

kinship studies

Back 76

which compare the characteristics of family members

Front 77

gene-environment interaction

Back 77

which means that because of their genetic makeup, individuals differ their responsiveness to qualities of the environment ( people have unique, genetically influenced reactions to particular experiances.

Front 78

canalization

Back 78

the tendency of heredity to restrict the development of some characteristics to just one or a few outcomes

Front 79

gene-environment correlation

Back 79

our genes influence the environments to which we are exposed

Front 80

niche-picking

Back 80

the tendency to actively choose environments that completement out heredity

Front 81

Epigenesis

Back 81

means development resulting from ongoing, bidirectional exchanges between heredity and all levels of the environment

Front 82

implantation

Back 82

happens between day 7 and 9. the blastocysts burrow deep into the uterine lining

Front 83

amnion

Back 83

enclosed the developing organism in the amnionic fluid which helps keep the temperature of the prenatal world constant and provides a cushion against any jolts caused by the women's movement

Front 84

chrion

Back 84

which surrounds rhe amnion. tiny hairlike villi, or blood vessels emerge

Front 85

placenta

Back 85

brings the mother and embryo's blood closer together. permits food and oxygen to reach the organism abd waste products to be carried away.

Front 86

umbilical cord

Back 86

first appears as a tiny stalk and during the course of pregnancy, grows to full length o 1 to 3 feet. contains one large vein a\that delivers blood loaded with nutrients and two arteries to carry away waste

Front 87

embryo

Back 87

lasts from implantations through the eighth week of pregnancy. during these brief six weeks, the most rapid prenatal changes take place as the groundwork is laid for all body structure and internal organs.

Front 88

neural tube

Back 88

a primitive spinal cord made from the ectoderm

Front 89

fetus

Back 89

from the ninth week to the end of pregnancy. this is the longest prenatal period. growth and finishing phase, the organism increases rapidly in size

Front 90

trimesters

Back 90

three equal time periods during pregnancy

Front 91

vernix

Back 91

white cheeselike substance protects the skin from chapping during the long months spent bathing in the amniotic fluid.

Front 92

lanugo

Back 92

white downy hair appears over the entire body, helping the vernix stick to the skin

Front 93

age of viability

Back 93

the point at which the baby can first survive, between and weeks

Front 94

teratogen

Back 94

refers to any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period

Front 95

Fetal Alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

Back 95

a term that encompasses a range of physical, mental, and behavioral outcomes caused by prenatal alcohol exposure

Front 96

fetal Alcohol syndrome

Back 96

distinguished by, slow physical growth, a pattern of three facial abnormalities (short eyelid openings, a thin upper lip, an indentation running from te tip of the nose to the center of the upper lip, and brain injury evident in a small head and impairment in at least three areas of functioning ( memory, language, and communication)

Front 97

partial fetal alcohol syndrome(p-FAS)

Back 97

characterized by two of the three facial abnormalities, brain injury evident in at least three areas of impaired functioning. mothers drank alcohol in smaller quantities and children's defects vary with he timing and length of alcohol exposure

Front 98

alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND)

Back 98

in which at least three areas of mental functioning are impaired, despite typical physical growth nd absence of facial abnormalities, prenatal alcohol exposure, though confirmed is less pervasive than FAS

Front 99

RH factor incompatibility

Back 99

when mother is RH- and the father is RH+ the baby may inherit father's RH+ blood type. if even a little of a fetus is positive blood crosses the placenta into mother bloodstream, she forms antibodies that can potential hurt / kill the fetus.

Front 100

Apgar Scale

Back 100

a scale used to assess the newborn's physical condition

Front 101

natural or prepared childbirth

Back 101

group of techniques aimed t reducing pain and medical intervention and making childbirth a rewarding experience

Front 102

anoxia

Back 102

inadequate oxygen supply

Front 103

breech position

Back 103

turned so that the buttocks or feet would be delivered first

Front 104

fetal monitors

Back 104

electronic instruments that track the baby's heart rate during labor

Front 105

cesarean delivery

Back 105

birth is surgical

Front 106

preterm infants

Back 106

those born several weeks or more before their due dates

Front 107

small for date infants

Back 107

are below the expected weight considering length of the pregnancy

``

Front 108

infant mortality

Back 108

the number of deaths in the first year of life per 1,000 births in an index used around the world to assess the overall health of a nation's children

Front 109

reflex

Back 109

is an inborn automatic response to particular forms of stimulation

Front 110

states of arousal

Back 110

f sleep and wakefulnessdegres o

Front 111

Rapid-eye-movement sleep (REM)

Back 111

is remarkably similar to that of the waking state brain wave activity. the eyes dart beneath the lid, heart rate, blood pressure and breathing is uneven, and slight body movement occurs

Front 112

non-rapid-eye-movement sleep (NREM)

Back 112

THE BODY IS ALMOST MOTIONLESS AND HEART RATE, breathing and brain wave activity are slow and even

Front 113

Sudden infant death syndrome

Back 113

the unexpected death, usually during the night, of an infant under 1 year of age that remains unexplained after a thorough investigation

Front 114

visual acuity

Back 114

fitness of discrimination

Front 115

neonatal behavioral assesment scale (NBAS)

Back 115

evaluates the newborn's reflexes, muscle tone, state changes, responsiveness to physical and social stimuli and other reactions.