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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cytology |
concerns the study of structure and function of cells |
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Histology |
studies the forms and structures of cell, tissues and organ of the body with the aid of a microscope |
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Developmental anatomy |
studies the morphogenesis of the single cell, after the union of two cells (male and female sex cells) and occur throughout life |
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Embryology |
the study of growth and development of fertilized egg inside the reproductive tract of the female animal prior to birth/hatching (embryonic or fetal stage) that resembles its mature species |
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Gross anatomy |
is the study of structures big enough to be seen by unaided eye |
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Comparative anatomy |
deals with the similarity and dissimilarity of structures of various species of animals |
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Systemic anatomy |
focuses on the structures of organs systems, example digestive, urinary, nervous system |
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Regional anatomy |
branch of anatomy dealing the different regions of the body, example of which is the head, chest or abdomen, etc., it is also called topographic anatomy used for clinical studies |
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Embryo |
is the early developmental form of organism, without a definite recognizable head, body or limbs. Usually begins from fertilization to 8 weeks |
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Fetus |
is an organism on its advanced development wherein recognizable bodily form is clearly visible that distiguishesits adult species. It usually begins on the 9th wk of gestation |
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1st trisemester of gestation |
the most critical period during pregnancy or gestation wherein bodily organ system is establishing. |
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Stages in the life cycle |
Embryonic stage Organogenesis Postembryonic stage Adulthood |
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Embryonic stage |
Fertilization Cleavage Gastrulation |
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Fertilization |
union of male and female gametes (mature sex cells) |
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Cleavage |
segmentation division |
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Gastrulation |
differentiation of the 3 germ layers |
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Organogenesis |
establishment of the organs |
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Postembryonic stage |
Fetal stage |
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Gametogenesis Fertilization Cleavage Gastrulation Organogenesis Growth and Histogenesis |
Phases of Ontogenic Development |
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Gametogenesis |
development and maturation of gametes |
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Preformism: Ovism and Spermism Epigenesis Phylogenesis |
Theories of generation |
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Preformism theory of generation |
the development of the embryo is from the existence of preformed embryo which is contained in the sperm(spermism) or in the egg(ovism) |
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Epigenesis |
the development of an organism originates from the fertilized egg to its mature form |
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Phylogenesis |
the theory states that origin and evolution of a species is a continuing process that is measured in several years - man to monkey |
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Karl Ernst Von Baer |
Father of embryology, "most distiguished and influential of the early 19th century microbiologist" |
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Karl Ernst Von Baer |
proposed that all vertebrate embryos pass a stage wherein they are anatomically similar seen in 18 dy dog, 24 dy cow and 48 - 60 hr chick embryo |
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Wilhelm Roux |
The most influencial of the late 19th century embryologist and often called the "Father of Experimental Embryology" |
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Aristotle |
observed that the embryo develops its organ system gradually |
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Aristotle |
described the concepts of oviparity, viviparity and ovoviviparity |
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Oviparity |
egg laying |
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Ovoviparity |
eggs hatched inside the body ex. some shark, snake(anacondas) |
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Viviparity |
organism developed inside the body |
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Aristotle |
noted also the two major patterns of cell division in early development: meroblastic and holoblastic |
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Hieronymus Fabricus |
De Formato Foetu described and all illustrated gross anatomy of embryos and their membranes |
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Marcello Malpighi |
published the first microscopic account of chick development, identifying the neural groove, somites and blood flow to the yolk sac |
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William Harvey |
first to observe the blastoderm of the chick embryo and to indicate that blood islands form before the heart does. |
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Christian Pander |
Made first description of the germ layers(ectoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm) in the chick; Organs were not formed from a single germ layer |
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Martin Heinrich Rathke |
First to describe the pharyngeal arches |
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Martin Heinrich Rathke |
Studied the comparative embryology in frogs, salamander, fish, birds and mammals |
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Rudolph Albert Von Kolliker |
Detailed the observation on the initial cleavage stages in man |
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Rudolph Albert Von Kolliker |
published the first textbook on embryology in man and higher animals |
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Hans Spemann |
Conducted the first nuclear transfer experiment |
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Hans Spemann |
Awarded the nobel prize for physiology of medicine for his discovery of embryonic induction |
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Robert Briggs and Thomas King |
Tested the totipotency of the nucleus and Produce the first blastocyst from nuclear transfer |
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Keith Campbell and Ian Wilmut |
Their work resulted to the birth of transgenic sheep, Dolly |
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Ectoderm |
Outermost or upper layer of cells Give rise to the epidermis, nervous system and some skeletal and connective tissues of the head |
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Mesoderm |
The middle layer Forms most of the muscle and skeletal tissues, urogenital system and the heart and blood vessels |
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Endoderm |
Deepest or innermost layer of cells that lines the digestive, respiratory tract and those organs associated to digestion |
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Mesenchyme |
Precursor of all connective and muscle tissues and is component of all organs except the CNS |
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Neural Tube |
hollow tube located in the dorsal midline beneath the ectoderm |
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Notochord |
Longitudinal rod immediately ventral to the neural tube Extenda from the level of the midbrain(mesencephalon) to the tail Indicates the future location of the vertebral column |
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Paraxial mesoderm |
Segmented mesoderm located beneath the neural tube and on the either side of the notochord Each segment is called somite which gives rise to the axial skeleton and voluntary muscles |
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Intermediate mesoderm |
Mesoderm located lateral to the paraxial mesoderm which will give rise to the urogenital structures |
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Lateral mesoderm |
Mesoderm that extends around the gut and beneath the surface ectoderm to the ventral midline |
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Coelom |
Splits to divide into outer parietal and inner splanchnic layer to form a cavity is called ________ |