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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what does a verb's TENSE involve?
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formal marking that locates predication with respect to moment of speaking
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What are the three tenses in English?
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past, present, future (paraphrastic).
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What does the ASPECT of a verb entail?
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the way in which the predication is regarded or experienced with regard to time in general.
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what are the three aspects of the english verb?
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perfect, progressive, simple
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what inflectional form does the Progressive aspect take?
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-ing participle (present)
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what semantics are associated with the Progressive aspect?
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event regarded as ongoing and incomplete
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What is the inflectional form of the Perfect aspect?
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-ed/-en participle (past participle)
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what are the semantics of the Perfect aspect?
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event regarded as complete (but many complications)
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What is the inflectional form of the Simple aspect?
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no inflectional marking
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what are the semantics of the simple aspect?
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no specification...punctual intepretation common.
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what is the semantic quality of inchoation? (regarded aspect)
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transition of event from some nul state:
the student BECAME upset. |
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What is the lexical aspect of the English verb?
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aspectual distinctions within the semantics of the individual verbs themselves.
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What is the difference between stative and dynamic verbs (as it pertains to the lexical aspect)?
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stative verbs express a state of affiars while dynamic verbs express an action or change in the world.
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What is the difference between punctual and durative verbs (as it related to the lexical aspect)?
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punctual verbs do not last in time, while durative verbs convey actions that last in some span of time:
hit, cough, hammer vs. sleep, walk, think |
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What is the difference between telic and atelic verbs as it relates to lexical aspect)?
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telic verbs have a built in terminal point which atelic verbs lack.
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What are the primary auxiliary verbs?
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Do, Be, Have
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What are the modal auxiliary verbs (as opposed to the primary)?
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can, may, should, could, can, must, might, would, will
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What do Epistemic, modal auxiliaries convey?
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possibility, probablility, necessity.
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What do Deontic, modal auxiliaries convey?
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permission, obligation.
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What are the 5 forms of the lexical verb?
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Base, -s form, present part. (ing), past, past part. (ed).
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How do you distinguish Finite verbs from Non-finite?
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Finite verbs are inflected for tense, number agreement, and/or mood.
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What are anaphoric pronouns?
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pronouns which point back to their referential NP's.
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What are cataphoric pronouns?
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pronouns which point forward to their referential NP's (less common).
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List the 10 pronounc types
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subject, object, possesive, interrogative, demonstrative, relative, universal, reflexive, partitive, predicative.
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What separates pronouns from their determinative counterparts?
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pronouns substitute for a NP, determiners modify them. (*except possessive pronouns)
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What are the three sets of partitive pronouns?
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assertive, non-assertive, negative.
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what distinguishes non-assertive partitive pronouns from the assertive
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non-assertive partitives used when Sentence is interrogative or conditional.
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What is the case of a noun?
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a marking that indicates its function in the clause.
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how many cases does English have?
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common (unmarked) and genitive (possession usually)
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what are the two forms of the genitive?
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inflected (-'s genitive) and the paraphrastic (of - genitive)
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what are the 8 semantic categories of the genitive?
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subject, object, possessive, genitive of origin, descriptive, partitive, genitive of attribute, appostive.
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How are adverbials realized structurally?
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adverb phrases, NP's, PP's, clauses with finite or non-finite verbs, verbless clauses. basically everything.
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What separates the class of adverbials known as adjuncts from the adverbial classes of conjuncts and disjuncts?
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asjuncts are more highly integrated. adjuncts work in the negative declarative. adjuncts allow negative focus/W/H questions substitute well for adjuncts.
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what separates conjuncts from disjuncts?
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dijuncts articulate some relation between speaker and clause. conjucts link clauses.
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what are the two classes of disjuncts?
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style (conditions of saying, comment on form) and attitude (speaker's comments on content of clause).
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what do focusing adjuncts do?
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limit or restrict what is said in the main clause.
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what do process adjuncts do?
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convey manner, means, or the instrument with which an action is done.
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what are the different sorts of intensifier adjuncts?
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emphasizers, amplifiers, downtoners.
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what is the difference between amplifying and emphasizing adjuncts?
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emphasizers push up the scale of what you know about the action conveyed while amplifiers simply boost the predication. emphasizers are needed to obtain more meaning.
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what are the possible misc. adjuncts?
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purpose or source
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what are the three possible time adjuncts?
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point, duration, and frequency
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