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128 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Medical word for redness
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Erythema
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Medical word for hair loss
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Alopecia
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Medical word for scabs
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Crusts
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Medical word for rash
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Papules
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Medical word for hives
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Urticaria
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Pruritis can manifest itself as (6):
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Rubbing
Scratching Chewing Licking Gnawing Biting |
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Previous treatment and response to these 3 types of drugs may be useful in history
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Antimicrobials
Glucocorticoids Insecticides |
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Types of primary lesions (9)
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Macule
Patch Papule Nodule Tumor Plaque Pustule Vesicle Bulla |
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Types of secondary lesions (10):
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Scale
Crust Erosion Ulcer Excoriation Lichenification Fissure Hyperpigmentation Hypopigmentation Scar |
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Primary objective during derm exam
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Make a diagnosis
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2 most important tests
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Scrapes
Cytology |
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Does a negative deep skin scrape rule out disease?
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Yes
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What are you looking for on a deep skin scrape?
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Follicular parasites (Demodex or Pelodera)
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Does a negative superficial skin scrape rule out disease?
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NO
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What are you looking for on superficial skin scrape?
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Surface mites (sarcoptes, notoedres, otodectes, chyletiella)
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Should you cover a small or large area on a deep skin scrape?
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Small
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Should you cover a small or large area on a superficial skin scrape?
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Large
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What are you looking for (2) on surface cytology?
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Bacteria
Yeast (Malassezia) |
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Qtip cytology for...
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Ears
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Impression cytology for (3)
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Pustule contents
Under crusts Cut/exposed surface of nodule |
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FNA cytology for (2)
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Nodules
Tumorous lesions |
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Tape test for (1)
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Yeast
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Aerobic bacterial culture for (2)
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Superficial pyoderma
Ear infections |
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Anaerobic and atypical mycobacterial culture plus fungal culture for (1)
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Deep infections
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Indications for bacterial culture (4)
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Poor response to appropriate abx
Presence of rods All chronic/deep infections Rule out infectious organism if suspect steril disease |
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Possible (appropriate) therapeutic trials (3)
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Insecticidal
Hypoallergenic food trials Antibacterial therapy |
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2 reasons for skin biopsies
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Histopath
Culture |
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Indications for histopath (6)
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Suspect neoplasia
Ulcerative disease Severe acute generalized disease Mucosal lesions Footpad lesions Nodular lesions |
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Should you prep scrub lesion for histopath?
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NO (just gently clip hair)
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Should you prep scrub lesion for culture?
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Yes
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Things you SHOULD biopsy (5):
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Acute (New) lesions
Primary lesions Entire lesion Multiple lesions Center of areas of alopecia |
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Things you SHOULD NOT biopsy (4)
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Secondary infection
Severely traumatized skin Chronic lesions Large areas of normal skin |
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Why are combo (insecticide, repellent or IGR) better?
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Decrease chance of drug resistence to either ingredient
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Who is in charge of systemic drugs?
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FDA (requires 90% activity for period stated on label)
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Who is in charge of topical drugs and environmental sprays?
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EPA (requires product hit 90% activity and be active during time stated)
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Botanical insecticide
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Pyrethrins (marigolds and chrysanthemums)
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What is the synthetic pyrethrin?
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Pyrethroid
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What could you add to increase the potency of pyrethrins or pyrethroids?
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Piperonyl butoxide
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Permethrin is toxic to ____
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CATS (toxicity is dose dependent)
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4 TYPES of macrocyclic lactones
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Avermectins (more potent than milbemycins; insects and arachnids)
Milbemycins (insects and arachnids) Selamectin (ear mites, ticks, fleas, lice, HW) Moxidectin (flea, HW, int. worms) |
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3 types of neonicotinoids
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Imidacloprid (insecticide for edible crops - fleas and lice)
Nitenpyram (Capstar - fleas) Spinosad (Comfortis - insects only) |
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What is more effective form of Fipronil - topspot or spray?
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Spray
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Fioronil is toxic to ____
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Rabbits
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Amitraz is effective against
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Ticks
Mites |
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Bacillus thuringensis effective against
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Mosquito larvae (midges)
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When resistance recognized, it is at (therapeutic or efficacious dose)?
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Therapeutic dose
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3 genetic basis for development of resistance
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Change in receptor/site of action
Change in uptake of drug Increased metabolism of drug |
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What topicals have residual therapy (5)
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Conditioners
Lotions Sprays Wipes Rinses |
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Why use topical therapy if it rarely works alone (5)
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Adjunctive therapy
Lower doses of concurrent drugs Rapid resolution Comfort Control recurrence |
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Skin receives moisture from (2)
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External environment (major)
Body (minor) |
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How do emollients work?
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Decrease transepidermal loss
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How do moisturizers work?
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Increase water content in stratum corneum
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6 antiseborrheics
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Sulfur
Salicyclic acid Tar Selenium sulfide Benzoyl peroxide Phytosphingosine |
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4 antimicrobials
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Benzoyl peroxide
Mupirocin Chlorhexidine Ethyl lactate |
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3 antifungals/antimycotics
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Chlorhexidine
Selenium sulfide ...azoles |
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Antiprurpitics
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Oatmeal
Pramoxine L- Rhamnose Hydrocortisone Triamcinolone (Panalong and Genesis) |
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What do you use for dry scale (2)
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Sulfur
Salicyclic acid |
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What do you use for degreasing (2)
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Tar
Selenium sulfide |
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What do you use for follicular flushing?
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Benzoyl peroxide
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Ointment options (2)
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Mupirocin
Triamcinolone (Panalog) |
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Spray options
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Phytosphingosine
Chlorhexidine Antifungal combos Pramoxine L-Rhamnose Hydrocortisone Triamcinolone (Genesis) |
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Gel options
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Salicyclic acid
Benzoyl peroxide |
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Where should you not use creams/ointments?
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Moist areas
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What is found in the adnexae (2)?
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Follicles
Glands |
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What is in the hypodermis (1)?
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Adipose tissue
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How do st. basale cells attach to BM (2)
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Interdigitating foot processes
Hemidesmosomes |
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How do st. spinosum cells attach to each other (2)?
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Desmosomes (interdermal)
Tonofilaments (intradermal) |
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Disorders of st. spinosum (2)
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Pemphigus (autoimmune; attacks desmosomes)
Familial acantholysis (heritable; problem with tonofilaments) |
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Basophilic cytoplasmic granules in st. granulosum cells (2)
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Lamellar granules (phospholipid; will be extracell cement in st. corneum layer)
Keratohyalin granules (proteins; x-linking) |
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Describe the intercellular cement of the st. corneum layer
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Hydrophobic phospholipid; repels water and keeps skin dry
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Transit time for epidermis
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25-40 days
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What minerals are required for keratinization and maturation of epidermis (3)
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Cu, Zn, Vit A
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Functions of melanocytes (2)
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Melanin synthesis
Transfers melanin to keratocytes |
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Key enzyme and co-factor in melanogenesis
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Tyropsinase and Cu
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Functions of melanogenesis
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Protect DNA from UV light, free radicals, and dissipate heat
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3 causes of hypopigmentation
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Dec replication of melanocytes
Destruction of EMU Dec melanin synthesis |
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Generalized hypopigmentation (3)
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Albinism, piebald, color dilution
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Local hypopigmentation (3)
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vitiligo, leukoderma (wh skin), leukotrichia (wh hair)
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2 causes of hyperpigmentation
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Inc proliferation of melanocytes
Inc melanin syntheses |
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Regional/diffuse hyperpigmentation (4)
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UV light
MSH ACTH genetics |
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Focal hyperpigmentation (3)
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Lentigo
Chronic irritation Inflammation |
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Where are langerhan cells and melanocytes found?
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St. basale
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2 disorders of langerhan cells
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Generalized immunosupp. - dermatitis
Histiocytic neoplasms |
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Functions of epidermis (2)
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Protect from external env
Prevent loss of internal resources |
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Common pathologic endpoint of epidermis damage
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Epidermal separation - vesicles, pustules, bullas, erosions, ulcers, exudation, crusts
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Functions of dermal-epidermal jxn. (3)
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Anchor BM to dermis
Barrier Epidermal maintenance Wound healing |
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Explain mechanobullous diseases
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Genetic defects in anchoring fibrils; result in full thickness separation of epidermis from dermis; large bullae, blisters, ulcers, secondary inflamm, friction points
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2 disorders of dermal-epidermal jxn
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Mechanobullous (genetics)
Systemic/Discoid lupus (immune dysfunction) |
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Describe lupus
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Immune reaction against BM proteins and fibrils; results in epidermal separation; bullae, vesicles, ulcers
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What is the differences between papillary and reticular dermis?
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Papillary - fine, loose, layer beneath BM, highly vascular and innervation
Ret - thicker; coarse collagen bundles |
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Disorder of dermis
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Cutaneous asthenia (excess skin fragility and laxity)
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Why is the internal root sheath a source of problem for hair follicles?
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It stops oat the sebaceous duct leaving space for bac to accumulate
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Functions of hair follicles (3)
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Production, attachment, support of hair and feathers
Re-epithelialization of epidermis Reservoir of resistance factors |
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What happens during anagen, catagen, and telogen phases of hair growth
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A - growth
C - transition T - resting |
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What controls heair growth (5)
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Hormones
Daylight Temp Nutrition Growth factors |
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4 disorders of follicle and common clinical appearance
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Foll dysplasia
Foll atrophy (chemo) Abnormal growth (endocrine, nutritional) Folliculitis/Furunculosis (bac, mites, fungi) ALOPECIA |
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Sebaceous glands use what type of secretion and secrete what?
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Holocrine secretion
Sebum |
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Functions of sebum (4)
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Coats st. corneum with oily emulsion
Retains moisture beneath Hydrophobic above Keeps skin pliant |
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Disorders of sebaceous glands (3)
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Atrophy
Sebaceous adenitis Adenomas (common in K9) |
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Apocrine glands have what type of secretion and what do they secrete?
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Merocrine secretion
Sweat |
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Functions of apocrine glands and sweat (3)
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Termoregulation
Contributes to surface emulsion Soluble resistance factors (interferon, transferrin, NaCl, complement - ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY) |
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Disorders of apocrine glands (4)
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Hidradenitis
Ceruminous adenitis/otitis externa Sweat gland neoplasms Apocrine gland carcinoma of anal sac |
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Functions of arrector pili muscle (5)
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Piloerection
Inc thickness of thermal barrier Heat generation Inc local temp (shivering) Empty follicles of secretions |
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Disorders of vascular supply (3)
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Congestion and hyperemia - inflamm
Hemorrhage - petechia, ecchymoses Infarction - (thermal/toxic/infectious) |
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Functions of hypodermis
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Energy storage
Nutrient storage Thermal barrier Protective padding |
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Macule
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well circumscribed, FLAT dicolored (melanin, erythema, hemorrhage) spot up to 1cm
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Papule
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well circumscribed solid ELEVATION (epidermal - hyperpl or edema; dermal - inflamm or edema) up to 1cm
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Plaque
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extensive accum of papules >1cm (follicular - infection; interfollicular - infection or allergy)
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Nodule
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well circumscribed solid elecvtion (inflamm/neoplasia) >1cm that extends deeper into dermis/SQ
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Tumor
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anything bigger than a nodule
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Cyst
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Smooth, round, circumscribed fluctuant/solid mass with hollow lumen cintaining fluid/semi-solid material
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Vesicle
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well circumscribed elevation within/beneath epidermis <1/2 cm filled with clear fluid
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Bulla
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Anything bigger than vesicle
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Pustule
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Well circumscribed elevation within/beneath the epidermis <1/2cm filled with yellow-white opaque exudate (infectious, autoimmune)
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Wheal
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Well circumscribed plateau; appears and disappears - edema (allergy)
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Hyperkeratosis
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Inc thickness of epidermis ~accum of cells in St. corneum (Vit A, Zn deficiency)
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Scale
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LOOSE fragments of cornified keratinocytes ~inc or altered epidermal proliferation/maturation (seborrhea, ch. dermatosis)
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Crust
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Dried serum, blood, exudate, microbes, medication; TIGHTLY adhered to skin
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Scar
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fibrous conn tissue replacing damaged dermis, adnexae, or SQ (server injury, necrosis)
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Erosion
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Loss of epidermis down to BM; BM is intact; (epithelial necrosis)
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Ulcer
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Loss of epidermis thru BM, deeper into dermis (epidermal necrosis)
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Excoriation
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Loss of epidermis by trauma; usually self-inflicted; scratching, licking, biting, rubbing (often secondary to pruritis)
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Epidermal collarette
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Circular rim of peeling epidermis (erosion or ulcer); footprint of previous vesicle, ulcer (epidermal necrosis)
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Lichenification
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Thickening, hardening of skin with exaggerated markings; ch. irritation/inflamm
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Comedome
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Dilated folicle plugged with excessive keratin, sebaceous material (follicular keratosis) - predisposes follicle to infection
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Hyperpigmentation
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hyper melanosis (Lentigo/lentigenes)
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Hypopigmentation
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hypomelanosis (leukoderma, vitiligo)
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Alopecia
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Complete abnsence of hair where it shoudl be - genetics, developments, post-inflamm, metabloic
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