Dent Anatomy Exam #2, Chapters 3-5

Front 1

Embryology

Back 1

the study of prenatal development (from fertilization of an egg to birth)

Front 2

Meiosis

Back 2

process of reproductive cell production that ensures the correct # of chromosomes

Front 3

Mitosis

Back 3

individual cells divide resulting in 2 daughter cells that are identical to parent cells

Front 4

blastocyst/blastula

Back 4

aggregate of mitotically produced cells

Front 5

When does the majority of growth occur?

Back 5

13-16 weeks

Front 6

teratogens

Back 6

"monster producing" (they go from mom to kid)

Front 7

zygote

Back 7

fertilized egg

Front 8

Pre-implantation period

Back 8

from fertilization in fallopian tubes to implantation in the uterus

Front 9

Embryonic period

Back 9

week 2-8 (all major organs and structures form)

Front 10

Fetal period

Back 10

Week 9-40 (final development & maturation of all tissues)

Front 11

What are the order of events in the pre-implantation period?

Back 11

(1st week) Fertilization, Meiosis, Mitosis, Blastocyst formation (5th day), Implantation of blastocyst into endometrial lining

Front 12

What 2 layers make up the blastocyst?

Back 12

Trophoblast (outter layer) and Embryoblast (inner mass)

Front 13

What are the 5 physiological processes in the embryonic period?

Back 13

Induction, Proliferation, Differentiation, Morphogenesis, Maturation

Front 14

What makes up the bilaminar disk?

Back 14

Epiblast and Hypoblast

Front 15

What week does the placenta form?

Back 15

2nd week

Front 16

What is the placenta formed from?

Back 16

the trophoblast layer and the endometrial lining

Front 17

Mesenchyme cells are formed from...?

Back 17

epiblast cells that have migrated towards the primitive streak

Front 18

What do mesenchymal cells give rise to?

Back 18

connective tissue forming cells: fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblast, etc

Front 19

What makes up the trilaminar disc?

Back 19

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Front 20

From what layer are each of the trilaminar disc layers formed?

Back 20

Ectoderm - from epiblast, Mesoderm - from mesenchyme (from epiblast), endoderm - from hypoblast

Front 21

What are somites?

Back 21

38 paired cuboidal aggregates of mesenchymal cells that wil form the skeletal, muscle and dermis (connective tissues of the skin)

Front 22

What is the epidermis and nervous system formed from?

Back 22

ectoderm

Front 23

What are the connective tissues, muscles and vessels formed from?

Back 23

mesoderm

Front 24

What is the epithelial lining of the GI tract and respiratory system formed from?

Back 24

endoderm

Front 25

What membrane is at the caudal end? And what embryonic tissue is not there?

Back 25

cloacal membrane. Mesoderm is not present

Front 26

What membrane is at the cephalic end? And what embryonic tissue is not there?

Back 26

oropharyngeal membrane. Mesoderm is not present

Front 27

What cells make up the neural plate?

Back 27

neuroectoderm cells

Front 28

What is the role of neural crest cells?

Back 28

They break off from the neural folds and disperse into the mesenchyme. They will form parts of the face & neck structures & oral tissues

Front 29

What do many embryologists consider to be the fourth embryonic layer?

Back 29

Neural crest cells that have dispersed into the mesenchyme

Front 30

What are the five major processes involved in the development of the face?

Back 30

1. stomodeum/oral cavity 2. mandibular processes 3. maxillary processes 4.Frontonasal/upper face 5. Development of the neck

Front 31

What type of fusion occurs on the same surface?

Back 31

Facial fusion

Front 32

What type of fusion occurs on different surfaces?

Back 32

Palatal fusion

Front 33

The union of the ectoderm and endoderm form what temporary membrane?

Back 33

Buccopharyngeal/Oropharyngeal Membrane

Front 34

What results from the rupture of the buccopharyngeal/oropharyngeal membrane?

Back 34

an open GI tract

Front 35

Raphe's pounch eventually forms what?

Back 35

the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Front 36

What does the mandibular arch give rise to?

Back 36

1. lower face 2. mandible 3. ligaments of jaw and middle ear 4. muscles of mastication 5. tongue 6. maxillary processes

Front 37

What is Meckel's cartilage and what does is form?

Back 37

Cartilage formed within each side of the mandibular arch. If forms the middle ear bones

Front 38

What is the Periochondrum of Meckel's cartilage?

Back 38

It becomesligaments of the jaw and middle ear

Front 39

What does the maxillary process give rise to?

Back 39

sides of the upper lip, cheeks, secondary palate, posterior portion of the maxilla, maxillary canines and posterior teeth, zygomatic bones and portions of the temporal bones

Front 40

What is macrostomia

Back 40

cleft at the commissures (incomplete fusion) makes the mouth huge

Front 41

What is the oronasal membrane?

Back 41

it separates the nasal sac from the stomodeum. Once this disintegrates, the oral and nasal membranes are in communication

Front 42

The intermaxillary segment/premaxilla is formed from...?

Back 42

the medial nasal processes

Front 43

What forms the upper lip?

Back 43

the joining of the maxillary process and the 2 medial nasal processes

Front 44

What is the nasolacrimal groove

Back 44

it extends from the medial corner of the eye to the nasal cavity

Front 45

What is the nasolacrimal cord?

Back 45

the ectodermal thickening in the floor of the nasolacrimal groove. It forms the lacrimal sac of the eye and becomes the nasolacrimal duct

Front 46

The primitive pharynx is also called...?

Back 46

The oropharynx

Front 47

Which branchial arches form the neck?

Back 47

The lower 4 arches

Front 48

Which branchial arch is Reichert's Cartilage from?

Back 48

2nd

Front 49

What does the 1sr branchial GROOVE form?

Back 49

the external auditory meatus

Front 50

Where are the pharyngeal pouches located?

Back 50

between the branchial arches (internally)

Front 51

What does the 1st pharyngeal pouch form?

Back 51

the auditory tubes

Front 52

What does the 2nd pharyngeal pouch form?

Back 52

the palatine tonsils

Front 53

what do the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches form?

Back 53

the thymus and parathyroid glands

Front 54

What week does the primary palate form?

Back 54

5th

Front 55

What is the anterior 1/3 of the hard palate called?

Back 55

Primary Palate

Front 56

When is the secondary palate formed?

Back 56

6th week

Front 57

What is the posterior 2/3 of the hard palate called?

Back 57

Secondary palate

Front 58

How is the secondary palate formed?

Back 58

The maxillary processes give rise to 2 palatal shelves. They grow inferior and deep in a vertical direction. They flip and move horizontal and grow medially towards each other. Where they meet creates the median palatine suture

Front 59

What week does the palate formation complete?

Back 59

12th week