Dent 1020 Test 7

Front 1

Cells

Back 1

Smallest living unit of organization

Front 2

Tissues

Back 2

Similar structured cells grouped together

Front 3

Organs

Back 3

Various tissues bonded together to form organs

Front 4

Exocytosis

Back 4

Transportation of materials from inside cell to outside of cell

Front 5

Endocytosis

Back 5

Intake of materials to the inside of the cell

Front 6

Pinocytosis

Back 6

Fluid or liquids ingested by cell

Front 7

Phagocytosis

Back 7

Engulfing and digesting of solid material by cell

Front 8

Nucleus

Back 8

Largest organelle in cell

Front 9

Mitochondria

Back 9

Organelles that manufacture energy

Front 10

Ribosomes

Back 10

Produces protein

Front 11

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 11

Membrane-bound organelle with rough or smooth channels, transports proteins

Front 12

Golgi Complex

Back 12

Segregates, packaging, and transporting of protein

Front 13

Lysosomes

Back 13

Intra and extracellular digestion (vacuoles)

Front 14

Cytoskeleton and Inclusions

Back 14

Metabolically inert transient substances, can be held for storage

Front 15

Interphase

Back 15

Cell is between divisions, growing and functioning

Front 16

Prophase

Back 16

First, chromatin condenses into chromosomes

Front 17

Pro-Metaphase

Back 17

Initiation of alignment of chromosomes

Front 18

Metaphase

Back 18

2nd, chromosomes align into equatorial position

Front 19

Anaphase

Back 19

3rd, separation of two chromatids

Front 20

Telophase

Back 20

4th, final phase with division into two daughter cells

Front 21

Desmosomes

Back 21

Intercellular junction between cells

Front 22

Hemidesmosomes

Back 22

Forms intercellular junction with noncellular surface.

Front 23

Functions of Hemidesmosomes

Back 23

Attach epithelium to connective tissue, gingiva to tooth, nail to nail bed, basement membrane to basal lamina

Front 24

Four types of Tissue

Back 24

1. Epithelial

2. Connective

3. Muscle

4. Nerve

Front 25

Function of epithelial tissue

Back 25

Covers and lines the internal and external body surfaces, involved in absorption, excretion, and sensory functions

Front 26

Where does epithelial tissue originate from embryonically?

Back 26

Can be any of the three embryonic cell layers, ectoderm, mesoderm, or endoderm

Front 27

Histology of Epithelial Tissue

Back 27

Avascular (relies on underlying connective tissue)

Front 28

Basement Membrane

Back 28

Always present between epithelium and connective tissue, produced by both of them, acellular

Front 29

Layers of basement membrane

Back 29

Basal Lamina - Superior portion, produced by epithelium, made up of Lamina Lucida and Lamina densa

Reticular Lamina - Inferior portion, produced by connective tissue

Front 30

Retes Ridges

Back 30

Interdigitation between outer epithelium and the deeper connective tissue

Front 31

Connective Tissue

Back 31

Derived from somites in the mesoderm, vascularized, involved in support, packaging, storage, transport, repair, and defense

Front 32

Histology of Connective Tissue

Back 32

Most common kind of cell is the fibroblast, can have three types of fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular)

Front 33

Connective Tissue Proper

Back 33

Called Lamina Propria in oral cavity, consists of loose connective tissue (padding layer) and dense connective tissue (reticular layer)

Front 34

Specialized Connective Tissue

Back 34

Adipose - contains little to no matrix

Elastic connective tissue

Front 35

Cartilage

Back 35

Noncalcified, avascular, forms temporary skeleton, present at articulating surfaces

Front 36

Bone

Back 36

Compact and loose osseous connective tissue, extracellular matrix becomes calcified

Front 37

Blood

Back 37

Connects body tissues together by supplying nutrients

Front 38

Type I Collagen

Back 38

Most common type in skin dermis, lamina propria, bone, and almost all connective tissue

Front 39

Type II Collagen

Back 39

In Hyaline and elastic cartilage

Front 40

Type III Collagen

Back 40

In granulation tissue produced quickly by young fibroblasts before tougher Type I is made, usually found alongside Type I

Front 41

Type IV Collagen

Back 41

Basal lamina, eye lens, filtration system of kidneys

Front 42

Muscle Tissue

Back 42

Striated, consists of myofibers, myofibrils, myofilaments, there are three classes (skeletal, smooth, cardiac)

Front 43

Nerve Tissue

Back 43

Nucleus with dendrites, cell body is surrounded by myelin sheath, and axon

Front 44

Nervous System Division

Back 44

CNS - brain and spinal cord

PNS - cranial and spinal nerves of somatic and autonomic nervous system

Front 45

Autonomic NS Divisions

Back 45

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

Front 46

Characteristics of Lining Mucosa

Back 46

Nonkeratinized, has elastic fibers and can be stretched, fewer retes ridges, serves as a cushion, may have Fordyce's granules

Front 47

Types of Lining Mucosa

Back 47

Buccal mucosa

Labial mucosa

Alveolar Mucosa

Floor of mouth and ventral surface of tongue

Soft Palate

Front 48

Characteristics of Masticatory MucosaK

Back 48

Keratinized or Parakeratinized, rubbery texture, numerous retes ridges and C.T. papilla, thin or absent submucosa

Front 49

Types of Masticatory Mucosa

Back 49

Attached gingiva

Hard Palate

Dorsal surface of tongue

Front 50

Specialized Mucosa

Back 50

Lingual papilla on dorsal and lateral surfaces of the tongue, composed of epithelium and lamina propria (C.T.)

Front 51

Types of Lingual Papilla

Back 51

Fungiform

Foliate

Circumvallate

Filiform (only one without taste buds)

Front 52

Cells in the Epithelium

Back 52

Keratin, melanocytes, neutrophils, langerhans, merkel cells (touch receptor)

Front 53

Nonkeratinized Epithelium in Oral Mucosa

Back 53

Most common form of epithelium in oral cavity, contains at least 3 layers (Basal, intermediate, Superficial)

Front 54

Basal Layer of Nonkeratinized Epithelium

Back 54

Deepest layer, stratum basal, single layer of cuboidal cells attached to B.M., produces basal lamina portion of B.M., mitosis occurs in this layer ONLY

Front 55

Intermediate Layer of Nonkeratinized

Back 55

Stratum Intermedium, larger, stacked, polyhedral shaped cells, the bulk of the epithelium

Front 56

Superficial Layer of Nonkeratinized

Back 56

Stratum Superficiale, even larger stacked polyhedral cells, most superficial cells on the surface are flattened into Squames

Front 57

Orthokeratinized Epithelium

Back 57

Least common form in oral cavity (hard palate, attached gingiva, lingual papilla), forms keratin in superficial layers as it matures, contains 4 layers (basal, prickle, granular, keratin)

Front 58

Prickle Cell Layer of Orthokeratinized Ep.

Back 58

Stratum Spinosum, makes up the bulk of the epithelium, prickly because the desmosomal junction remains stretching the borders when cells lose their cytoplasm

Front 59

Granular Layer of Orthokeratinized Ep.

Back 59

Stratum Granulosum, contains flat cells in stacks of 3-5 cells thick, contain nucleus and keratohyaline granules

Front 60

Keratin Layer of Orthokeratinized Ep.

Back 60

Stratum Corneum, variable thickness depending on region, flattened cells with no nucleus, cytoplasm is filled with keratin, waterproof, soft, opaque, outer cells of the layer are squamous in shape

Front 61

Parakeratinized Epithelium

Back 61

More commonly found in masticatory mucosa, considered an immature form of orthokeratinized, normal in oral cavity but abnormal elsewhere, contains nuclei still in keratin layer

Front 62

Hyperkeratinization

Back 62

When nonkeratinized epithelium transforms and develops a keratin layer in response to trauma (linea alba)

Front 63

Lamina Propria of Oral Mucosa

Back 63

Has at least 2 layers - papillary, dense, and may have submucosa

Front 64

Papillary Layer of Lamina Propria

Back 64

Most superficial, consists of loose C.T., contains elastic fibers in lining mucosa, allows room for blood vessels and nerves

Front 65

Dense Layer of Lamina Propria

Back 65

Deeper layer, consists of dense C.T. with many fibers

Front 66

Submucosa of Lamina Propria

Back 66

May or not be present, more loosely compacted fibers, adipose tissue or salivary glands may be present

Front 67

Characteristics of Attached Gingiva

Back 67

Epithelium is thick and either kera or parakeratinized, contains retes ridges, and C.T. papilla, no submucosa, lamina propria acts as an added periosteum to the alveolar bone

Front 68

Characteristics of Hard Palate

Back 68

Thick layer of keratinized epithelium and a thick laminal propria, lateral portions have submucosa

Front 69

Taste Buds

Back 69

Contain 30-80 spindle shaped cells that extend from B.M. to the surface, turnover time is 10 days, taste pore is opening in epithelium that contacts the taste bud

Front 70

Two types of cells in Taste buds

Back 70

Supporting cells on outer portion

Taste cells located in the center that contain superficial taste receptors that produce the taste sensation

Front 71

Filiform Lingual Papilla

Back 71

Thread like, found on dorsum of tongue, highly keratinized with core of lamina propria, most numerous papilla

Front 72

Fungiform Lingual Papilla

Back 72

Mushroom shaped, contains numerous taste buds, thin layer of keratin over highly vascularized lamina propria, 1 mm in diameter

Front 73

Foliate Lingual Papilla

Back 73

4-11 vertical ridges on lateral borders of tongue, leaf shaped, contain taste buds

Front 74

Circumvallate Lingual Papilla

Back 74

7-15 large mushroom papilla, lined in V shape, 3-5 mm in diameter, taste buds located at base of papilla and empty into trench, contain Von Ebner's salivary glands in the submucosa

Front 75

Pigmentation of Oral Mucosa

Back 75

Normally pink-reddish pink, may be brown or black if melanocytes are present in the basal layer (these cells are derived from neural crest cells)

Front 76

Turnover time for Junctional Epithelium

Back 76

4-6 days

Front 77

Turnover time for Buccal Mucosa

Back 77

10-14 days

Front 78

Turnover time for hard palate

Back 78

24 days

Front 79

General turnover time for other mucosa

Back 79

4-24 days

Front 80

How is tissue repaired?

Back 80

Formation of a clot, epithelial cells migrate, immature C.T. is formed (granulation tissue) and is later replaced by scar tissue with numerous fibers

Front 81

What happens to oral epithelium as a result of aging?

Back 81

Reduction in stippling (fewer retes and papilla), enlargement of lingual veins, reduction in number and quality of taste buds, xerostomia, decreased keratinization, thicker collagen fibers, less resilient elastic fibers, slower repair

Front 82

Sulcular Epithelium

Back 82

Lines sulcus next to tooth

Front 83

Junctional Epithelium

Back 83

Attaches gingiva to tooth, usually at CEJ