Demography And Determinants

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Health

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“the state of mental, physical and social well being, and does not merely connote the absence of illness.”

Hint 1

Defined by who

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Whole

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derived from the word heal (hael) which means “_____”, signaling that health concerns the whole person and his or her integrity, or well-being

Hint 2

Health

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Healthy condition

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absence of symptoms in an individual may not necessarily connote a ______ ___________(purpose of further medical examination/lab tests.)

Hint 3

Health

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multi-factorial phenomenon

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the concept of varying degrees or states of health

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Health

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qualify, quantify

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Difficult to both ___ and ___.

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Quali quanti, sa health to

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Demography

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the mathematical & statistical study of the size, composition & spatial distribution of human populations & of changes over time

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Identification

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1. Fertility 2. Mortality 3. Migration 4. Marriage 5. Social mobility

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operation of 5 processes

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Enumeration

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number, distribution, planning, priority, fund allocation

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To determine the ___ & ___ of a population in certain area for ___ , ____ setting & for purposes of ___ ____.

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Uses of demo1

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growth, dispersal, past

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determine ___ (or decline) & ___ of population in the ___.

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Uses of demo2

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causal relationship

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To establish a “___” between population trends & various aspects of social organization.

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Uses of demo 3

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predict, consequences

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To ___ future developments & their possible

___.

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Uses of demo 4

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1. Sex Ratio 2. Sex Structure

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A. Sex Composition

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Enumerate

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1. Median Age 2. Dependency Ratio

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Age Composition

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Enumeration

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Sex Ratio

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• Compares the number of males to the number of females

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Back 15

Sex ratio formula

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Sex Structure

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• Compares the sex ratio across different categories/levels of another characteristic

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Median Age

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• The value which cuts-off the upper 50% and lower 50% of the ages of the population.

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Median age

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• Used to gauge whether the population is young or old

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Age-Dependency Ratio

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The computed value represents the number of dependents that need to be supported by every 100 persons in the economically-active groups.

Hint 19

Def

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Back 20

Age dependecy ratio formula

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Population Pyramid

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• Also enables one to explain and describe the demographic trends of the population in the past.

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Population Pyramid

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• A graphical presentation of the age and sex composition of the population

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Stage 1 - rapid expanding

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High birth rate; rapid fall in each upward age group due to high death rates; short life expectancy

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Pop pyramid

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Stage 2 - expanding

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High birth rate; fall in death rate as more living in the middle age; slightly longer life expectancy

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Pop pyramid

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Stage 3 - stationary

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Declining birth rate; low death rate; more people living to old age

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Pop pyramid

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Stage 4 - contracting

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Low birth rate; low death rate; higher dependency ratio; longer life expectancy

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Pop pyramid

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HEALTH INDICATORS

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Quantitative measures

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HEALTH INDICATORS

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• Describe & summarize various aspects of health status of the population

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HEALTH INDICATORS

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• Usually expressed as ratios, proportions or rates

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factors, causation, control

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• Determine ___ that may contribute to

___ & ___ of diseases

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Uses of health indicators

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Identify

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____ public health problems & needs

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Uses of health indicators

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Indicate priorities

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___ ___ for resource allocation (health economics)

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Uses of health indicators

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Monitor, implementation

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____ health program ____

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Uses of health indicators

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Evaluate

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___ health programs

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Uses of health indicators

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Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

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• Measures how fast people are added to the population

• Crude rate because the denominator is not the population at risk

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CBR formula

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CBR formula

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CBR high fertility rate

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CBR ≥ 45 l.b./1000 pop/yr

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^ fertility rate

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CBR low fertility rate

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CBR ≤ 20 l.b./1000 pop/yr

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v fertility rate

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Crude Death Rate (CDR)

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• Measures rate at which mortality occurs in a given population

Hint 39

CDR

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Back 40

CDR crude death rate formula

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Back 41

GFR General Fetrtility Rate formula

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GFR high fertility rate

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GFR = 200 l.b./1000 pop/yr

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^ fertility rate

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GFR low fertility rate

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GFR = 60 l.b./1000 pop/yr

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v fertility rate

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Back 44

Cause of death rate formula

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Cause of death rate

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for determining the leading causes of mortality

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Identification

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INFANT MORTALITY RATE

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• A sensitive index of the health conditions of the general population

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Identification

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Back 47

Infant mortality rate formula

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Poor populations

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60-150 deaths per 1000 births per year

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Severe conditions

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≥ 200 deaths per 1000 births per year

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(< 28 days old)

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NEONATAL MORTALITY RATE

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Days old

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(28 days old to <1 yo)

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POST-NEONATAL MORTALITY RATE

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Days old to a year

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(28 weeks gestation to 7 days)

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PERINATAL MORTALITY RATE

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Weeks to days

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Back 53

Maternal mortality rate formula

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SWAROOP’S INDEX

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✓a special kind of proportionate mortality ratio

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SWAROOP’S INDEX

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✓a sensitive indicator of the standards of healthcare

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SWAROOP’S INDEX

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✓Developed countries have higher compared to developing

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Back 57

Swaroop's Index formula

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CASE FATALITY RATE

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✓how much of the afflicted die from the disease

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more fatal disease

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✓a higher CFR means ___ ___ ____

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Case fatality rate

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✓the “killing power” of a disease

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Case fatality rate

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✓the probability of dying of a certain disease

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Case fatality rate

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PREVALENCE PROPORTION (ratio)

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✓ Measures the frequency of existing disease (cases)

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PREVALENCE PROPORTION (ratio)

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✓ Measure the burden of the disease to the community

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PREVALENCE PROPORTION (ratio)

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✓Assess the public health impact of a disease

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PREVALENCE PROPORTION (ratio)

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✓Projection of medical care needs

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PREVALENCE PROPORTION (ratio)

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✓Proportion with the disease at a point in time

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PREVALENCE PROPORTION (ratio)

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✓“point in time”: calendar time, birth, employment, retirement

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Back 69

PREVALENCE PROPORTION (ratio) formula

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INCIDENCE

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✓ Measures the occurrence of new cases, episodes, events

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INCIDENCE

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✓For identifying etiologic factors

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• Cumulative incidence or incidence proportion • Incidence density

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✓2 types of incidence measures

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Enumeration

cumulative blank or blank proportion

Blank density

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INCIDENCE

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✓Indicator of trend ✓Evaluate program effectiveness

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Incidence

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✓Associated to RISK = the probability that a person will develop within a specified period of time

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Cumulative incidence or incidence proportion

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✓Proportion of “disease” free individuals who contract the “disease within a specified period of time

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Cumulative incidence or incidence proportion

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✓The average risk of developing the “disease”

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Back 77

Cumulative Incidence formula

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Incidence Density (ID)

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✓Rate at which new cases occur

✓Denominator can either be ave. pop x followup period or the midyear pop

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Back 79

Imcidence Densoty formula