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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Where does the study of democratic transitions come from ? |
It comes from the transitology, the study of politic transitions |
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Why democratic transitions are dangerous ? |
Because authoritarian system can go back at any time so they are unstable by definition |
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How many theories on the origins of democratization and what are they? |
3 main theories : developmentalism, dependency, and the one stating internal and external factors |
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What is the name of the first theory, who are the 3 main theorists, and when did it emerge ? |
Developmentalism , LIPSET, VERBER, and HUNTINGTON, in the 50s, early 60s |
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According to them , what is the main factor needed to have a democratization ? |
Democratization need modernisation |
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What are the 7 things required for this factor ? |
Secular system, rationalization of economy, Massive industrialisation, Massive urbanisation, High level of education, Nuclear family, Political culture |
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What is the process that leads to democratization ? |
Industrialization => Economic development=> Higher revenue => Middle class => Education =>Politicalpower => Democratisation |
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What is the problem with this theory ? |
Cultural bias : If you are not a western country, you can't bea democracy |
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Who rejected this theory and when ? |
Rejected in early 60s by Latin American scholars. |
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What is the name of the second theory and who are the thinkers ? |
Dependency theory, WALLERSTEIN, CARDOSO |
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How can we also qualify this theory ? |
It is also called the marxist theory |
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According to them, into how many parts the world is divided and what are them ? |
The world is divided into 2 parts: the Core (advanced countries) and the Periphery (developing countries) |
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What is the main idea behind this theory ? |
The Core import resource at low cost, it refines them and sell them to Periphery countries, and the result is an unequal exchange |
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What is the consequence of this unequal exchange ? |
Core countries support authoritarian system in periphery states to make sure the exchange stays unequal |
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Who are the theorists of the 3rd theory, when did it appeared and why ? |
O'DONNEL,SCHMITTER,WHITEHEAD, in the 80s, because of the waves of democratization |
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How many factors explain this process , and what are them ? |
2 factors : internal factors and external factors |
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What are the internal factors ? |
Economic factors and Political factors ? |
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Explain the economic factor. |
Less ressources to distribute ( crisis in Latin America and Shouthern Europe ) : leads to a protesting movement |
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Explain the Political factor. |
When there are soft liners and hard liners, and the soft liners represent the most powerful group. Hard liners are obliged to bargain with soft liners.(Key factor) |
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What are the 2 external factors ? |
Economic crisis and military defeat. |
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Explain the economic crisis factor. |
Economic crisis leads to massive protesting movements and accelerate the process of democratization |
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Explain the military defeat. |
Authoritarian regime loses its credibility in its proper state when it incurs miltary defeat |
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Give an example of military defeat |
When Argentina attacked British islands, it led to a war of Argentina VS UK , Thatcher was the ruling leader, and the UK crushed the authoritarian regime |
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Give another main factor that triggers democratic transitions . |
Social movements. |
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Define a social movement, and whendid it emerge ? |
It is a protest coming directly from society, it emerged in the 60s |
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What is the consequence of social movement over political parties and give some examples. |
It affected the ability of political parties to absorb the tensions of society (May 68, Vietnam war) |
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What are the forms of expression of social movements ? |
Demonstrations, riots, strikes, occupation of offices |
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Why in 60s political scientists decided not to study social movements ? |
They thought it will be temporarily and not be able to affect a countryin the long term |
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Why social movements are important ( why political scientists were wrong) ? |
Berlin Wall |
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When did social movements became powerful ? |
After Cold War. |
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Give some reasons how social movements became powerful. |
Globalization, technology, rise of new transnational movements |
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Which role social movements play during democratization. |
They play the role of watch dog. |
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Who are the 3 main authors who studied social movements ? |
TILLY, MCADAM, TARROW |
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What is the name of the book they published, and what do they argue in this book? |
Dynamics of Contension, and they argue that social movements are often underestimated and they bring light to new issues in society |
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How do they define social movement ? |
Collective challenges to elites, authorities, by which ordinary people make collectiveclaims. |
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According to TILLY, what are the 3 elements we need to look at ? |
Campaign ( collective and organized effort ) , Contention (demonstrations, petitions), and WUNC |
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What is WUNC and how it is important ? |
Worthiness (idea need to be worthy), Unity, Number, Commitment (risk of facing violence) and if nothing of these elements, SM unlikely to succeed |
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In which context social movements appear and what is the danger? |
They appear in contexts of political transtions, and if the repression is too violent, a civil war may start |
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How many phases democratization goes through, and what are they ? |
They go through 3 phases : Liberalization, Democratization, Consolidation |
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What is liberalization, and what does it include ? |
It is when democratic transition starts, it includes legalization of parties (pluralism), allowing freedom, and medias censorship is stopped |
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What is democratization, and what does it include ? |
First election is the starting element and needs to be free and competitive, and the change of the political ruler is not systematic, the importance is the choice of people |
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What is consolidation ? |
Consolidation is the most important part in terms of time frame and definition. 20 to 40 years and many factors looked at. |
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Who are the main thinkers of consolidation ? |
LINZ AND HUNTINGTON |
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What LINZ argues ? |
He argues that consolidation is over when political actors don't consider taking power outside of the democratic institution |
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What HUNTINGTON argues ? |
He argues that there is no consolidation at first election, only at 2nd or 3rd election |
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Generally speaking, when consolidation happens ? |
Consolidation happens when existing political institutions absorb a major political crisis. |
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What are the most dangerous phases among these 3 phases ? |
Phase 1 and 2 ( liberalization and democratization) because it needs maturity of political leaders and the process can result in areturn of dictatorship. |