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47 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Where does the study of democratic transitions come from ?

It comes from the transitology, the study of politic transitions

Why democratic transitions are dangerous ?

Because authoritarian system can go back at any time so they are unstable by definition


How many theories on the origins of democratization and what are they?

3 main theories : developmentalism, dependency, and the one stating internal and external factors

What is the name of the first theory, who are the 3 main theorists, and when did it emerge ?

Developmentalism , LIPSET, VERBER, and HUNTINGTON, in the 50s, early 60s

According to them , what is the main factor needed to have a democratization ?

Democratization need modernisation

What are the 7 things required for this factor ?

Secular system, rationalization of economy, Massive industrialisation, Massive urbanisation, High level of education, Nuclear family, Political culture

What is the process that leads to democratization ?

Industrialization => Economic development=> Higher revenue => Middle class => Education =>Politicalpower => Democratisation


What is the problem with this theory ?

Cultural bias : If you are not a western country, you can't bea democracy

Who rejected this theory and when ?

Rejected in early 60s by Latin American scholars.

What is the name of the second theory and who are the thinkers ?

Dependency theory, WALLERSTEIN, CARDOSO

How can we also qualify this theory ?

It is also called the marxist theory

According to them, into how many parts the world is divided and what are them ?

The world is divided into 2 parts: the Core (advanced countries) and the Periphery (developing countries)

What is the main idea behind this theory ?

The Core import resource at low cost, it refines them and sell them to Periphery countries, and the result is an unequal exchange

What is the consequence of this unequal exchange ?

Core countries support authoritarian system in periphery states to make sure the exchange stays unequal

Who are the theorists of the 3rd theory, when did it appeared and why ?

O'DONNEL,SCHMITTER,WHITEHEAD, in the 80s, because of the waves of democratization

How many factors explain this process , and what are them ?

2 factors : internal factors and external factors

What are the internal factors ?

Economic factors and Political factors ?

Explain the economic factor.

Less ressources to distribute ( crisis in Latin America and Shouthern Europe ) : leads to a protesting movement

Explain the Political factor.

When there are soft liners and hard liners, and the soft liners represent the most powerful group. Hard liners are obliged to bargain with soft liners.(Key factor)

What are the 2 external factors ?

Economic crisis and military defeat.

Explain the economic crisis factor.

Economic crisis leads to massive protesting movements and accelerate the process of democratization

Explain the military defeat.

Authoritarian regime loses its credibility in its proper state when it incurs miltary defeat

Give an example of military defeat

When Argentina attacked British islands, it led to a war of Argentina VS UK , Thatcher was the ruling leader, and the UK crushed the authoritarian regime

Give another main factor that triggers democratic transitions .

Social movements.

Define a social movement, and whendid it emerge ?

It is a protest coming directly from society, it emerged in the 60s

What is the consequence of social movement over political parties and give some examples.

It affected the ability of political parties to absorb the tensions of society (May 68, Vietnam war)

What are the forms of expression of social movements ?

Demonstrations, riots, strikes, occupation of offices

Why in 60s political scientists decided not to study social movements ?

They thought it will be temporarily and not be able to affect a countryin the long term


Why social movements are important ( why political scientists were wrong) ?

Berlin Wall

When did social movements became powerful ?

After Cold War.

Give some reasons how social movements became powerful.

Globalization, technology, rise of new transnational movements

Which role social movements play during democratization.

They play the role of watch dog.

Who are the 3 main authors who studied social movements ?

TILLY, MCADAM, TARROW

What is the name of the book they published, and what do they argue in this book?

Dynamics of Contension, and they argue that social movements are often underestimated and they bring light to new issues in society

How do they define social movement ?

Collective challenges to elites, authorities, by which ordinary people make collectiveclaims.

According to TILLY, what are the 3 elements we need to look at ?

Campaign ( collective and organized effort ) , Contention (demonstrations, petitions), and WUNC

What is WUNC and how it is important ?

Worthiness (idea need to be worthy), Unity, Number, Commitment (risk of facing violence) and if nothing of these elements, SM unlikely to succeed

In which context social movements appear and what is the danger?

They appear in contexts of political transtions, and if the repression is too violent, a civil war may start

How many phases democratization goes through, and what are they ?

They go through 3 phases : Liberalization, Democratization, Consolidation

What is liberalization, and what does it include ?

It is when democratic transition starts, it includes legalization of parties (pluralism), allowing freedom, and medias censorship is stopped

What is democratization, and what does it include ?

First election is the starting element and needs to be free and competitive, and the change of the political ruler is not systematic, the importance is the choice of people


What is consolidation ?

Consolidation is the most important part in terms of time frame and definition. 20 to 40 years and many factors looked at.

Who are the main thinkers of consolidation ?

LINZ AND HUNTINGTON

What LINZ argues ?

He argues that consolidation is over when political actors don't consider taking power outside of the democratic institution

What HUNTINGTON argues ?

He argues that there is no consolidation at first election, only at 2nd or 3rd election

Generally speaking, when consolidation happens ?

Consolidation happens when existing political institutions absorb a major political crisis.

What are the most dangerous phases among these 3 phases ?

Phase 1 and 2 ( liberalization and democratization) because it needs maturity of political leaders and the process can result in areturn of dictatorship.