Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
adjunct
|
An adjunct is part of a Sentence and modifies the Verb to show time, manner, place, frequency and degree.
Eg: It is nearly done. ('Nearly' describes the degree to which the action has been done.) |
|
|
adverbial
|
An adverbial is a group of words that function like an adverb e.g. Before the play, we met up in a pub near the theatre. The phrase functions in the same way as an adverb of time.
|
|
|
attributive adjective
|
An attributive adjective comes before a noun and not after a copula verb, like BE and SEEMS
|
|
|
auxiliary verb
|
English verbs used in a negative structure, in a question or to show tense.
|
|
|
bare infinitive
|
the infinitive form without ‘to’
|
|
|
complex sentence
|
A conjunction is a word like AND, BUT, WHEN, OR, etc which connects words phrases or clauses.
|
|
|
coordinating conjunctions
|
Coordinating conjunctions join two items of equal importance. For, and, nor, but, or, yet and so are the coordinating conjunctions in English, forming the mnemonic FANBOYS.
|
|
|
copula verb
|
A copula (also spelled copular) verb is a verb that connects the subject to the complement. They are sometimes called linking verbs.
EG: That food smells nice. ('Smells' connects the subject to the adjective that describes it.) The following are the principal Copula Verbs Be; Look; Feel; Taste; Smell; Sound; Seem; Appear; Get; Become; Grow; Stay; Keep; Turn; Prove; Go; Remain; Resemble; Run; Lie |
|
|
declarative mood
|
The declarative mood is the normal form of a verb, in contrast with the imperative and the subjunctive.
|
|
|
determiner
|
A determiner is used with a noun and restricts the meaning by limiting the reference of the noun. The following types can be used:
1 Article - a boy the girls 2 Numeral - two cars the first day 3 Possessive Adjective -my job their friends 4 Quantifier -some coffee few tickets 5 Demonstrative Adjective -this tape those books |
|
|
descriptive grammar
|
A descriptive grammar looks at the way a language is actually used by its speakers and then attempts to analyse it and formulate rules about the structure. Descriptive grammar does not deal with what is good or bad language use; forms and structures that might not be used by speakers of Standard English would be regarded as valid and included. It is a grammar based on the way a language actually is and not how some think it should be.
|
|
|
disjunct
|
A disjunct expresses the speaker or writer's attitude to what is being described in the sentence.
EG: Fortunately, we managed to get there on time. ('Fortunately' shows us that the speaker was pleased about the result of the action.) |
|
|
dynamic verb
|
A dynamic verb is one that can be used in the progressive (continuous) aspect, indicating an unfinished action.
|
|
|
ellipsis
|
Ellipsis is the omission of one or more words that are understood in the context, but which are required to make the sentence or utterance grammatically correct
|
|
|
functional exponent
|
A phrase which is an example of a function and shows the purpose of the speaker, e.g. Let’s.... This phrase is one way to make a suggestion. It is an example (or exponent) of the function of suggesting.
|
|
|
gerund
|
A Gerund is a verb when it acts as a noun; gerunds can act as the subject or object of a main verb.
EG: Studying is good for you. |
|
|
imperatives
|
Imperatives are verbs used to give orders, commands and instructions. The form used is usually the same as the base form. It is one of the three moods of an English verb.
|
|
|
intensifier
|
A word used to make the meaning of another word stronger, e.g. He’s much taller than his brother; I’m very tired.
|
|
|
intransitive verb
|
An intransitive verb is one that does not take an object- ‘They arrived’
|
|
|
modal verb
|
Modal verbs are used to express ideas such as possibility, intention, obligation and necessity.
|
|
|
mood
|
Mood shows the attitude of the speaker or the writer to the action or state described by the verb.
1) The Indicative is the verb used in ordinary statements and questions: She went home. Has she called yet? 2) The Imperative is used to give orders and instructions: Go home. 3) The Subjunctive is used to express doubts, wishes, etc. It is not used much in English anymore and exists in a few phrases: If I were you, I'd speak to her about it straightaway. |
|
|
multi-word verb
|
Multi-word verbs are verbs that consist of more than one word, e.g. had better, used to, be going to, ought to. Although they can be synonymous with phrasal verbs, in the strict sense there is a distinction between the two, where multi-word verbs is a term that covers both phrasal verbs (verbs + adverbs) and prepositional verbs (verbs + prepositions). They are used as modals, but they are semi-modal rather than modal verbs.
|
|
|
non-infinite verb form
|
The non-finite forms of a verb have no tense, person or singular plural. The infinitive and present and past participles are the non-finite parts of a verb; To do; doing; done
|
|
|
noun phrase
|
A noun phrase is either a single noun or pronoun or a group of words containing a noun or a pronoun that function as the subject or object of a verb.
e.g.: The people that I saw coming in the building at nine o'clock have just left. ('The people ... nine o'clock' is a lengthy noun phrase, but it functions as the subject of the main verb 'have just left'.) |
|
|
prescriptive grammar
|
A prescriptive grammar lays out rules about the structure of a language. Unlike a descriptive grammar it deals with what the grammarian believes to be right and wrong, good or bad language use; not following the rules will generate incorrect language.
|
|
|
pragmatics
|
Pragmatics looks at aspects of meaning that are not found directly in the words and structures used, so it looks beyond semantics at how we encode social conventions and interactions, and implied meanings into our language.
|
|
|
quantifier
|
A quantifier, as its name implies, expresses quantity. Quantifiers can be a single word or a phrase and are used with nouns. They can be used with either a countable or an uncountable noun to express amount or quantity.
|
|
|
question tag
|
A question tag can be made by making a statement and putting an auxiliary verb and a pronoun at the end
|
|
|
register
|
Register is the way that language varies according to field (topic), mode (whether spoken or written) and tenor (the relationship between the participants) of discourse.
|
|
|
semantics
|
Semantics is the study of how meaning is generated in language.
|
|
|
style
|
The usually deliberate choice of a particular way of saying or writing something. (formal or informal)
|
|
|
subordinating conjunctions
|
A subordinating conjunction introduces a dependent clause, which depends on the rest of the sentence for its meaning and cannot stand alone:
Unless we leave now, we'll be late. (Unless is the subordinating conjunction) Subordinating conjunctions include: although, as, because, before, if, once, since, than, that, till, unless, until, when, whenever, where, wherever. |
|
|
subjunctive
|
The subjunctive is the mood of a verb used to show hopes doubts wishes etc. It is not used very much in modern British English, surviving in a few expressions such as 'If I were you' in the 2nd Conditional and expressions like 'God save the Queen' and 'so be it'. In American English, the present subjunctive is more common, so people say 'I recommend he be promoted'.
|
|
|
target language
|
Target language
The language which is the focus of the lesson or a part of the lesson. It could be grammar, lexis, functions or pronunciation. |
|
|
vague language
|
vague language is a common form of speech that allows people to speak without committing themselves to a proposal or sounding too assertive
|
|
|
verb aspect
|
Aspect in a verb shows whether the action or state is complete or not:
She's doing a crossword puzzle. (incomplete- progressive aspect) They've washed up. (complete- perfect aspect) The progressive aspect is often called 'continuous'. |
