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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Personality |
complex set of unique psychological characteristics, such as cognitions, motivations and behaviours, that exert an influence on an individual's pattern of behaviour in various situations |
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Anal stage |
Second stage in psychosexual development that occurs from approximately 18 months and 2 years |
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Anal aggressive |
No adult personality type who is impulsive, disorderly, sadistic and hostile. (Suggesting fixation at freuds anal stage) |
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Anal retentive |
An adult personality type that is stubborn, stingy, rigid, compulsively neat and overly conscientious |
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Anima |
The archetype that represents the feminine part of a man's personality |
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Animus |
Archetype that represents the masculine part of a woman's personality |
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Archetypes |
Universal forms of thinking in the collective unconscious that predisposed humans to behave in certain ways |
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Attentional process |
Process within observational learning whereby an individual needs to actively pay attention to a model |
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Behaviourist preach to personality development |
environmental experiences are seen to have the strongest influence on the development of personality |
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Castration anxiety |
Unconscious fear by boys during the phallic stage of psychosexual development, where a boy fears that his father will cut off his penis as retaliation for his unconscious desire to possess his mother |
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Classical conditioning |
Learning in which stimulus driven behaviours come to be elicited by new stmuli |
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Cognitive approach to personality development |
Emphasises that people are rational beings who make sense of their world's by means of personal constructs, which allow them to anticipate what will happen in future |
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Collective unconscious |
Inherited part of our psyche, which is shared by all Human beings |
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Collectivist culture |
Culture characterised by interdependence amongst individuals, empathy and a strong sense of belonging to a supportive group |
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Conscious |
Level of personality which, according to freud, corresponds to the sensations and experiences that we are aware of at any given moment in time |
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Corollaries |
Assumptions that stem from an elaborate on a fundamental postulate |
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Death instincts |
Destructive forces of human nature |
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Deficiency needs |
Category of needs distinguished by maslow, which include psychological needs, safety needs, social needs and esteem needs |
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Ego |
Structure of personality, and one that guides energy of the id by using reason; one of jungs levels of psyche, and the one that contains all the experiences that we are aware of at any one time |
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Electra complex |
According to Freud ,an unconscious desire of girls to possess the opposite sex parent and at the same time dispose of the of the same sex parent |
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Erogenous zone |
Part of the body that experiences sexual pleasure, such as the mouth, anus and sexual organs. |
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External locus of control |
Central concept in personality that assumes that the outcomes of behaviour are dependant on forces outside of the individual and beyond individual control |
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Extraversion |
An attitude where the psyche is orientated outwards towards the objective world |
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Genital stage |
Final stage in psychosexual development which occurs in the onset of puberty |
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Growth needs |
Category distinguished by maslow entailing the needs of self actualisation |
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Humanistic approach to personality development |
An approach to personality that focuses on internal motivators of behaviour, and which has an optimistic view of human nature, believing that all humans have a positive nature, self determination and free will |
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Id |
One of freuds structures of personality; is entirely unconscious and houses instincts and libido |
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Individualistic culture |
Culture that encourages, fosters and facilitates needs, wishes, desires and values of individuals over those of a group |
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Instincts |
Freud - basic motivational drives that determine the basis for personality, which are conceptualised as mental representations of the internal stimuli that drive a person to take certain actions |
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Internal locus of control |
Central concept in personality where behaviour is assumed to be controlled by factors deemed to be intrinsic to the individual, such as motivation |
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Internalisation |
Process whereby rules of right and wrong behaviour becomes self administered |
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Introversion |
Attitude where psyche is oriented inwards towards the internal subjective world |
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Latency |
Period between phallic and genital stages of psychosexual development, during which sexual instincts are seen as dormant |
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Libido |
Freud- psychic energy manifested by life instincts; according to jung, the generalised life force that refers to human strivings and desires, and a focused psychic energy that facilitates personality dynamics |
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Life instincts |
Instincts that serves people's need for survival, growth and development |
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Lifespan approach to personality |
Approach to personality development that focuses on individuals entire lifespan, from birth until death |
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Modelling |
Displaying behaviour that an individual may observe and repeat; the action of repeating behaviour an individual has seen someone else perform |
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Motivational process |
Process within observational learning whereby an individual is motivated to repeat an observed behaviour |
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Motor reproduction process |
Process within observational learning whereby an individual transforms symbolically represented behaviour into action |
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Neopsychoanalytic approach to personality development |
Approach that uses the psychoanalytic approach as a major frame of reference in the development of its own theories |
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Observational learning |
Process whereby individuals observe the behaviour of others, and model their own behaviour on that which is observed |
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Surface traits |
Overt behaviours and characteristics that people show consistently |
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Traits |
Personal characteristics which people have to a greater or lesser degree |
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Unconscious |
Freud- Level of personality which contains memories, emotions and instincts that are so threatening to the the conscious mind that they remain buried in the unconscious mind |
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Vicarious reinforcement |
Process whereby an individual observes others receding rewards or punishments or being ignored for a particular behaviour and then anticipates receiving similar consequences for a similar behaviour, resulting in that individual attending to, remembering and performing that behaviour himself, or not not not not not not not not not not not not |
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Oedipus complex |
Freud - unconscious desire of boys to possess the opposite see parenting at the same time dispose of the same sec parent |
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Operant behaviour |
According to behaviourist approach, behaviour that acts on the environment, controlling the environment and being controlled by it |
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Operant conditioning |
Change in frequency and form of behaviour in response to the consequences the behaviour produces |
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Oral aggressive |
Adult personality type who is excessively pessimistic, hostile, aggressive, manipulative and exploitative |
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Oral passive |
Adult personality type who is cheerful, optimistic, continually seeking approval and expecting mothering from all those around him |
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Oral stage |
First stage in psychosexual approach which occurs from birth to approximately 18 months of age |
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Penis envy |
Freud- unconscious wish experienced during phallic stage of psychosexual development in which girls wish they have a penis |
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Persona |
Archtype that refers to the social roles that people assume in society |
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Personality |
Dynamic and complex set of unique psychological characteristics that influence an individual's patterns of behaviour in various situations |
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Personal constructs |
Fundamental components of personality that represent ways of construing or making sense of the world so that the future can be anticipated |
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Personal unconscious |
June - level of psyche that is a collection of all our forgotten or repressed experiences, or those we are unaware of at any point in time |
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Phallic stage |
Third stage in psychosexual development that occurs between the ages of approximately 3 and 6 years |
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Pleasure principle |
Way in which the Id operates to increase pleasure and avoid pain |
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Positive reinforcements |
Favourable consequence of behaviour that serves to increase the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated |
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Postulate |
Broad idea that is accepted as true and is not tested directly, and acts as starting point for a theory |
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Primary process thought |
Freud - way in which the id attempts to satisfy it's needs through reflex actions and wish fulfilling fantasy experiences |
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Preconscious |
Freud - level of personality that houses the thoughts, memories and perceptions that we may be able to recall if we shift from the present state of consciousness to the preconscious level |
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Psyche |
jung - centre of both mind and soul where all experience and meaning is combined in a uniquely human way |
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Psychoanalytic approach to personality development |
Approach that considers the structures of personality as largely unconscious, and that perceives behaviour as strongly influenced by the ongoing conflict between instincts, unconscious motives, past experiences and social norms |
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Psychological process |
Kelly - people's experiences, thoughts, feelings and behaviours |
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Psychological types |
Jung- arise out of combinations of two attitudes, introversion and extraversion, and four functions |
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Punishment |
When behaviour is followed by a negative or aversive stimulus, the behaviour typically decreases in strength |
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Reality principle |
Process whereby the ego helps to satisfy id impulses In socially appropriate ways |
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Respondent behaviour |
According to behaviourist approach, specific and spontaneous response to a known stimulus where the stimulus precedes the response in time |
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Retention process |
Process within observational learning whereby an individual remembers an observed behaviour |
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Secondary process thought |
Freud - mental functions that develop from interaction with the outside world (perception, recognition, judgment and behaviour) |
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Self |
Archetype that represents the striving towards unity among all aspects of the personality, and controls the allocation of psychic energy so that different parts of the personality are expressed appropriately |
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Self actualisation need |
Highest level need distinguished by maslow, which provides the most intense kinds of spiritual or psychic gratification |
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Self efficacy |
Belief that one has the ability to perform behaviours needed to achieve certain goals or manage a situation |
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Self reinforcement |
Process whereby individuals improve or maintain their behaviour by giving themselves self devised rewards whenever their behaviour falls within certain self imposed standards |
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Shadow |
Archetype that refers to those thoughts, feelings and behaviours that people possess but do not accept |
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Social learning approach to personality |
Approach that recognises the influence of stimulus response process on behaviour as well as people's internal interpretations of the environment, and people's social interactions in the development of personality |
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Source triats |
Underlying source of a person's surface triats |
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Superego |
Freud - structures of personality and the one that contains the notions of right and wrong that we have learned during childhood |