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45 Cards in this Set

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Demographic transition

transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system with related population growth

Epidemiologic transition

* 3) Chronic and degenerative diseases (behavioral/economic) primarily impacts the elderly

Life expectancy

average length of time someone can expect to live

Life span

max number of years someone has lived

Disenfranchised grief

* self - disenfranchised if it is our choice to hide our grief out of shame

Social death

* Other Idea of social death is that it can live on past physiological death

Children as privileged medium

* expressions of grief have many paths

Schemes of knowledge (Green Chapter 5)

* vets and animals stand in as the doctor and deceased

The Dying Trajectory

the change in health status over time as a patient approaches death. It is usually plotted (retrospectively for an individual) with time on the X axis and health status on the Y axis. Sudden death has the simplest graph, a rectangle with a straight line down from a state of being healthy to death. The concept of dying trajectories has been helpful in understanding patterns of advanced illness and dying for different disease processes, which, in turn, have implications for care needs, decision making, and prognostication

Concept of the gift (India, U.S.)

* Important to give in order to gain merit for the afterlife/ Why conserve wealth for a destructible body?

Ars morendi

"The Art of Dying"


explain how to "die well" according to Christian precepts of the late Middle Ages. It was written within the historical context of the effects of the macabre horrors of the Black Death 60 years earlier


five temptations that beset a dying man: lack of faith, despair, impatience, spiritual pride and avarice

Embalming as public event

the Abraham Lincoln tour of his body and the response of his wife and the director (like the skits that they did in class about that)

Death as process, not event (Green)

stages of death: denial and a sense of isolation, anger and resentment, bargaining, sense of hopelessness, appreciation of those around you and acceptance

bibliotherapy

the use of books as therapy

theodicy

the defense of a good God in the presence of evil

Cultural variations in attitudes towards human bone remains

* splitting the ashes between the family is considered to be splitting the body
*
* appropriating nature: “trailing off into nature” motif

Eschatology

the part of theology concerned with death, judgment, and the final destiny of the soul and of humankind

Death as Personal Transformation(Kubler-Ross)

* acceptance


Transitions in Western death attitudes(Aries/Illich)

* Transition from communal to private
* Kubler-Ross
* Acceptance (“I am going to die, how should i prepare for the end?”)

Bowlby

* phase 4- reorganization and recovery

Task Models of Grief

* task 4- to find an enduring connection with the deceased while embrace a new life (memories)
*
* Continued oscillation between these stressor-gender related in terms of emphasis

Loss of Symbols of Continuity (theory of)

loss of symbols- people are universal inner quest for continuous symbolism of what has gone before and what will happen later


global catastrophes- (Wong) talks about how tragedies such as 9-11 and World War 2 suggest that the world is never safe from death

Relationship between ancestors and descendants (Japan; Hong Kong)

* ancestors continue on biologically through the descendants

Sacred Sites (India)

* Water from the Ganges

Reactions to sibling or child loss (Fontana)

* May take many lifetimes around the “Wheel of life” to achieve moksha

Secularization

* for death, when the dead loses its importance in the social world, as if they did not mean anything to anyone

Grief/bereavement/mourning

Bereavement - state of having experienced loss (not limited to family, ex. a whole nation can experience a state of bereavement during war) (physical response)


Grief - subjective, personal feelings and reactions to loss, response to bereavement (psychological response)


Mourning is the display of grief via physical acts, communication (social response)

Factors that shape childhood understanding of death/loss

* popular culture (TV, Disney)

Question children may ask about death/loss

* Who will take care of me?
*
* individually, it is believed to be the person’s responsibility to balance his or her life, including family and social life

How is moksha achieved(India-Hinduism)

overcoming ignorance and desires (via the path of knowledge, meditation, devotion, or good works)


moksha is the state of changeless bliss, where religious devotion and integrity without any interest in the secular world constitutes a chance of a good death


can take many cycles before Hindus can achieve moksha

Main causes of child death (U.S.; globally)

* Sudden Infant Death Syndrome also a factor

Impact of child death on parents(Fontana)

Parental identity


Survival guilt - “it should have been me”


Parents often want to talk about their deceased child but others feel uncomfortable talking about it with them


Marriages tend to fall apart but not always


It is beneficial to the parent if he or she had the chance to talk about the imminent death with their child (no chance to do this in a sudden death)


Parents who’s children died in war often blame the government / politics, not the guy who actually killed him or her


Mother’s grief is usually deeper and longer


Men are less vocal about their feelings during grief


the birth certificate of a still-born child (having the need of proof of existence even though the child did not live)


“Ignoring children’s bereavement, assuming they are immune to pain and loss is detrimental to individuals” p.116

Disadvantaged dying (Conway)

(i think here you just talk about how a person who is dying may feel like a burden on the family and just discuss like the demanding responsibilities of the family and the perceptions of the situation)

End of Life preferences/reactions (Japan)

* move from ancestral worship to personalized memorialization, decline of family graves
*
* Chapter in Suzuki on funeral homes: Huge emphasis on being professional and respectful/ Ever changing wishes of the family must be met/ Be prepared to do a little bit of everything

Suicide-attitudes-transitions (India-Hinduism)

* religious suicide can sometimes be acceptable if done in Kashi through starvation when the person is old and near the end of life anyway

Ganges/symbolism of rivers(India-Hinduism)

Purification of self


Wash away Sin


Unifying aspect of Hinduism (Over 40 million people go to the Ganges at one event)

Western cultural changes in view of children (Fontana)

Is this the transition from children as miniature adults to childhood as an innocent developmental period of life?

Buddhist approaches to death and birth (Japan)

continual rebirth until nirvana is reached

Karma and Nirvana (Buddhism)

karma - the sum of a person's actions in this and previous states of existence, viewed as deciding their fate in future existences


nirvana - a transcendent state in which there is neither suffering, desire, nor sense of self, and the subject is released from the effects of karma and the cycle of death and rebirth

Filial Piety and Changes to tradition(Hong Kong)

* shift from guilt and shame to appreciation and forgiveness