De Blij Chapter 10 Updated

Front 1

commodity chain

Back 1

series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution and resulting in a commodity that is on world market.

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developing

Back 2

relating to societies in which capital needed to industrialize is in short supply.

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per capita GNI

Back 3

the gross national product of a given country divided by its population.

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formal economy

Back 4

the legal economy that is taxed and monitored by a government and is included in a governments gross national product; as opposed to an informal economy.

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informal economy

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economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a governments gross national product; as opposed to a formal economy

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modernization model

Back 6

a model of economic development most closely associated with the work of economist Walter Rostrow. the modernization model (sometimes referred to as modernization theory) maintains that all countries go through five interrelated stages of development, which culminate in an economic state of self-sustained economic growth and high levels of mass consumption.

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context

Back 7

circumstances of a situation; enviroment

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neo-colonialism

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a process of acculturation or cultural imperialism through which forms of industrial , political, and economic organization are often imposed on other cultures under the guise of getting aid in the form of technological and industrial "progress," but it can still lead to good things, like bringing needed infrastructure.

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structuralist theory

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a general term for a model of economic development that treats the economic disparities among countries that among countries or regions as the result of historically derived power relations within the the global economic system

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dependency theory

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a model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploration of poor nations by rich ones

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dollarization

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when a poorer country ties the value of its currency to that of a wealthier country, or when it abandons its currency and adopts the wealthier country's currency as its own

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world-systems theory

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Wallenstein's theory of the core, semi-periphery, periphery, and external areas. the core benefited the most from the development of a capitalist world economy. semi periphery was the buffer between the core and periphery. periphery are states that lack strong central gov'ts or are controlled by other states. external areas are states that maintained their own economic system and for the most part, remained outside of the capitalist world economy.

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three-tier structure

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with the reference to Immanuel Wallenstein's world-systems theory, the division of the world into the core, the periphery, and the semi-periphery as a means to help explain the interconnections between places in the global economy.

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millennium development goals

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eight international development goals that 192 united nations member states and at least 23 international organizations have agreed to achieve by the year 2015. they include reducing extreme poverty, reducing child mortality rates, fighting disease epidemics such as AIDS, and developing a global partnership.

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trafficking

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when a family send a child or an adult to a labor recruiter in hopes that labor recruiter will send money, and the family member will earn money to send home.

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structural adjustment loans

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loans granted by international financial institutions such as the world bank and the international monetary fund to countries in the periphery and the semi periphery in exchange for certain economic and governmental reforms in that country(e.g. privatization of certain government entities and opening the the country to foreign trade and investment)

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neoliberalism

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a strategy for economic development that calls for free markets, balanced budgets, privatization, free trade, and minimal government intervention in the economy.

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vectored diseases

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a disease carried from one host to another by an intermediate host.

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malaria

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a disease caused by mosquitoes implanting parasites in the blood.

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export processing zones

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zones established by many countries in the periphery and the semi periphery where they offer favorable tax, regulatory, and trade arrangements to attract foreign trade and investment .

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maquiladoras

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the term given to zones in northern mexico with factories supplying manufactured goods to the u.s. market. the low-wage workers in the primarily foreign-owned factories assemble imported components and/or raw materials and then export finished goods.

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special economic zones

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specific area within a country in which tax incentives and less and less stringent environmental regulations are implemented to attract foreign business and investment

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north american free trade agreement NAFTA

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agreement signed by the United States,Canada, and mexico in 1992 to form the largest free trade zone in the world.

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desertification

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the gradual transformation of habitable

land into desert.

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island of development

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place built up by a government or corporation to attract foreign investment and which has relatively high concentrations of paying jobs and infrastructure.

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nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)

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international organizations that operate outside of the formal political arena but that are nevertheless influential in spearheading international initiatives on social,economic, and enviromental issues.

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micro-credit program

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program that provides small loans to poor people, especially women, to encourage development of small buisinesses

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birth rate (BR)

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number of births per 1,000 people in a population in a given year

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death rate (DR)

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number of deaths per 1,000 people in a given population per year

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primary activity

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economic activity concerned with the direct extraction of natural resources from the environment,such as mining,agriculture, and fishing

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secondary activity

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the processing of raw materials and their transformation into finished industrial products, manufacturing

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tertiary activity

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economic activity associated with the provision of services,such as transportation, banking,retailing,education, and office based-jobs

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quaternary activity

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service sector industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital: examples include finance, administration, and insurance

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human development index (HDI)

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indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by the united nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy statistics

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gross national income (GNI)

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the monetary worth of what is produced within a country plus income received from investments outside the country.

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gross domestic product (GDP)

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the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time

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gross national product (GNP)

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a measure of the total value of the officially recorded goods and services produced by the citizens and corporations of a corporations of a country in a given year

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less developed country (LDC)

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a country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development Ex: Zimbabwe

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per capita income (PCI)

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the amount of money earned in one year in a nation by an average person

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newly-industrialized country (NIC)

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a subgroup of developing countries that have experienced rapid industrialization of their economies. Ex.- Taiwan,India,mexico

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physical quality of life index (PQLI)

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a composite indicator of development composed from life expectancy, literacy rate, and infant mortality

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rate of natural increase (RNI)

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the annual rate of population growth

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purchasing power parity (PPP)

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measurement of what the same amount of money buys in different countries

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more developed country (MDC)

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a country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development

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literacy rate (LR)

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the percentage of people that can read and write in a given population

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life expectancy (LE)

Back 46

a figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live

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infant mortality rate (IMR)

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the number of babies that die within the first year of their lives in a given population