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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Coccus (cocci) |
A sphere-shaped prokaryote |
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Bacillus (bacilli) |
A rod-shaped prokaryote |
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Cell wall |
External structure - Maintains cell shape - Provides protection - Prevents bursting |
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Ribosomes __________ __________ in prokaryotes |
synthesize protein |
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Gram positive bacteria |
Bacteria with a thick layer of peptidoglycan (violet when stained) |
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Gram negative bacteria |
Bacteria with a thin layer of peptidoglycan (pink when stained) |
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Two domains of bacteria |
Archae and Bacteria |
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Plasmodium |
Causes malaria |
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Trypanosoma |
Causes African Sleeping Sickness |
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Fungi are the ____________ in ecosystems |
decomposers |
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Mycorrhizae |
Associations between fungi and plant roots |
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Mycelium |
Feeding network for fungi |
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Mushrooms |
Serve as an aboveground reproductive structure |
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Xylem |
Pulls water up from the roots |
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Phloem |
Transports nutrients from roots and shoots |
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Mosses |
Seedless, nonvascular plants (example) |
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Dominant seed plants |
Conifers/ angiosperms |
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Spores become ________ in _________ reproductive structures (male/female?) |
pollen, male |
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Fruit is the plant's ___________ |
Ovary |
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Platyhelminthes |
Phylum with flatworms (eugh) |
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Phylum Mollusca contains |
Snails, slugs, oysters, clams, octopuses, and squid |
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Largest and most successful phylum |
Arthropoda (includes arachnids & insects) |
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Four features that distinguish phylum Chordata |
- Dorsal hollow nerve cord - Notochord (flexible supportive rod by nerve cord) - Pharyngeal slits (in the pharynx) - Post anal tail |
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Chordata includes all ___________ |
vertebrates |
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Mammals |
Have hair and produce milk |
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Mammals are (endothermic/exothermic?) |
endothermic |
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Monotremes |
Mammals that lay eggs! |
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Digestion |
Breaking down of food into particles enough for the body to absorb it |
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Elimination |
When undigested materials pass out of the digestive tract |
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Order of digestion |
-Pharynx -Esophagus - Stomach -Intestine -Anus |
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Small intestine's function |
Absorbs nutrients |
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Peristalsis |
Rhythmic waves of contraction of smooth muscles that propel food |
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Digestion begins in the |
oral cavity |
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Gallbladder |
Stores bile |
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Essential nutrients must be obtained preassembled because |
the animals cannot make them |
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Proteins break down into |
amino acids |
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Carbohydrates break down into |
monosaccharides |
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What is breathing? |
Taking in oxygen and putting out CO2 |
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Gills have |
high blood supply and a thin epithelium (needed to get oxygen from water) |
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Alveoli |
Air sacs of respiratory surface |
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Functions of the circulatory system (besides transporting oxygen and nutrients) |
- Takes wastes to waste disposal organs - Takes CO2 to the lungs - Takes metabolic wastes to the kidneys - Helps maintain homeostasis -Involved in body defense, temperature regulation, and hormone distribution |
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Pulmonary vein/artery |
PICTURE HERE |
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Diastole |
When the heart is relaxed and fills with blood |
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Sinoatrial node |
The heart's pacemaker |
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Flow of signal from heart's pacemaker |
SA node -> A node -> Apex |
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Hemoglobin |
Carries oxygen in the blood |
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Bone marrow |
Where blood is made |
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Plasma |
The liquid portion of blood |
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Pathogens |
Agents that cause disease |
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Innate immunity |
In mammals, includes skin barriers and mucous membranes, not specific |
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Adaptive ammunity |
Specific to a certain type of infection; gives the body "memory" |
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Antigens |
Generate antibodies |
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Antibodies |
Produced in response to the presence of a specific antigen/disease |
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Nephrons |
Functional units of the kidneys |
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Hormone |
Substance that acts as a chemical signal to regulate body activities |
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Hypothalamus |
Main control center of the endocrine system |
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Testosterone |
Main male androgen |
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Diabetes |
Common endocrine/insulin disorder |
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Hermaphrodites |
Organisms with both male and female reproductive systems |
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Implantation takes place at what time? |
About 1 week |
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Oviduct |
Opening next to the ovary lined with fringed projections |
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Fertilization occurs |
Within the oviduct (egg travels to the uterus) |
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Endometrium |
Inner lining of the uterus; where the embryo implants |
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Testes are located |
Outside the body |
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Epididymis |
Stores sperm while developing (located in the testes) |
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Cleavage |
A succession of cell divisions that produces a ball of cells from the zygote |
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Three layers of embryo |
-Ectoderm- forms skin/nervous system -Mesoderm- fills space between; becomes most organs and muscles -Endoderm- froms digestive tract |
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Apoptosis |
Programmed cell death |
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Gestation |
Pregnancy; carrying of developing young within female reproductive tract |
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In mammals, yolk sack produces |
The embryo's first blood cells |
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Placenta |
Takes care of the embryonic needs and allows protective antibodies to pass from mother to child |
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Oxytocin |
Stimulates the contractions in the smooth muscle of the uterine wall (labor) |
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Estrogen |
Triggers the formation of oxytocin receptors on the uterus |
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Three stages of labor |
Dilation- the time it takes for the cervix to reach full dilation Expulsion- From full dilation to delivery of the infant Placental delivery- usually about 15 min after the birth |
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2 divisions of the nervous system |
-Central- made up of the brain and spinal chord -Peripheral- made up of the nerves that carry signals throughout the body |
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Mycelin |
Sheath that covers axons and is made up of segments |
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Schwann cells |
Segments that make up myelin |
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Resting potential |
About -70 millivolts |
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Synaptic cleft |
Narrow gap that separates sender from receiver; stops action potential in sender from going straight to receiver |
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Autonomic nervous system |
Regulates internal environment (involuntary) |
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Three brain parts during embryonic development |
Forebrain, Midbrain, and Hindbrain |
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Skeletons' functions |
Support, movement, and protection |
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Axial skeleton |
Supports the axis (trunk); consists of the skull, the backbone, and the ribcage |
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Three types of joints |
- Ball&socket- allow for rotation of limbs in several planes (shoulders/hips) - Hinge- allow movement in a single plane (elbows/knees) - Pivot- allows rotation to make precise manipulations |
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Tendons |
Connect muscles to bones |
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Myofibrils |
Bundles that make up muscle fibers |
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Motor unit |
Consists of a neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls |
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Acetylcholine |
Neurotransmitter (i hope this isn't really on the exam) |
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Biotic factors of an ecosystem |
Include all living organisms
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Abiotic factors of an ecosystem |
Include the environment's non-living parts (temperature, water, energy, nutrients) |
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Savanna |
Grassland (and a cool artist) |
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Coral reef |
In the shallows, very diverse life |
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Desert |
Hot days, cold nights, little rain |
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Tundra |
Permafrost (<--layer of soil that stays frozen throughout the year) |
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Tropical rainforest |
On the equator |
