• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/10

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

10 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Photosynthesis
The process of converting energy from sunlight to energy in chemical bonds. The general equation is:
6CO2 + 6H2O + light -->
C6H12O6 + 6O2
Noncyclic photophosphorylation
The process of making ATP from ADP and Pi (phosphorylation) and light (photo). Noncyclic begins with PS II.

Electrons are trapped in PS II and passed to the primary electron acceptor. Then they pass through an electron transport chain with carriers like ferrodoxin and cytochrome. Then photophosphorylation occurs and some ATP is produced. Finally the ETC terminates at PSI. NADPH is produced and water is split.
Cyclic photophosphorylation
Occurs when the electrons energized in PSI are recycled. They join with protein carriers and generate ATP as they pass along the ETC. Here they can be energized again to participate in cyclic or noncyclic photophosphorylation.Two electrons generate one ATP.
The Calvin Cycle- main goal
Where CO2 is fixed- chemically unreactive, inorganic CO2 is incorporated into an organic molecule that can be used in biological systems. The function of the pathway is to produce a single molecule of glucose. To do this, the Calvin cycle must repeat 6 times.
Steps of the Calvin cycle
6CO2 and 6RuBP combine to produce 12 PGA. Then 12 ATP and 12NADPH are used to convert 12PGA to 12G3P (aka PGAL). Then 6ATP are used to convert 10G3P to 6RuBP (this allows the cycle to repeat). The remaining 2 G3P are used to build glucose.

*No light is directly used in the Calvin cycle (called dark reactions or light-independent reactions). BUT this process cannot occur in the absence of light b/c it depends on ATP and NADPH, both of which must be produced during photophosphorylation in light.
Chloroplasts
The sites where the light-dependent and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis take place.

Chloroplasts consist of an outer membrane, an intermembrane space, an inner membrane, stroma (where the Calvin cycle takes place), thylakoids (within the stroma, where PSI and PSII are located), and the thylakoid lumen (where H+ accumulates).
Chemiosmosis in chloroplasts
H+ ions accumulate inside the thylakoids (occurs when water is split by PSII), a pH and electrical gradient across the thylakoid membrane is created, ATP synthase generates ATP, and the Calvin cycle produces G3P using NADPH, CO2, and ATP.
Rubisco
RuBP, the most common protein on earth but it is not very efficient. In addition to fixing CO2 it can also fix O2. This process (photorespiration) causes problems- efficiency is reduced and glucose is not produced (H2O2 instead).
C4 photosynthesis
Improves efficiency- CO2 enters and combines with PEP to form OAA. This is converted eventually into CO2 and pyruvate. CO2 moves through bundle sheath cells, important for increasing efficiency and there is no O2 competition.

*In order for this process to occur, stomata must be open to allow CO2 to enter but when stomata are open H2O can escape. C4 plants are thus found in hot, dry climates.
CAM photosynthesis
Utilizes the fact that the stomata can be open at night as opposed to during the day. Very similar otherwise to C4 photosynthesis. CAM photosynthesis proceeds during the day, reducing water loss.

*Is an adaptation for plants that grow in hot, dry environments with cool nights.