Dat Bio Review #1

Front 1

Simple diffusion

Back 1

The net movement of dissolved particles down their concentration gradient from a region of higher concentration to lower conc.
Does NOT require energy

Front 2

Osmosis

Back 2

Simple diffusion of water from a region of lower SOLUTE conc. to HIGHER solute conc.

Front 3

Faciliated diffusion

Back 3

Net movement of dissolved particles AGAINST their conc. gradient through special channels or carrier proteins.
-does NOT require enery

Front 4

Active transport

Back 4

Net movement of dissolved particles AGAINST their conc. gradient with the help of transport proteins.
-REQUIRES energy

Front 5

Mitosis

Back 5

Division and distribution of the cell's DNA to its 2 daughter cells such that each cell receives a complete copy of the original genome

Front 6

Interphase

Back 6

-90% of the time a cell is in interphase
-each chromosome is replicated
-at the end, chromosomes consist of 2 identical sister CHROMATIDS
-DNA is uncoiled and called chromatin, and is not visible

Front 7

Prophase

Back 7

-Chromosomes condense
-Centrioles separate and move towards the opposite poles
-spindle apparatus begins to form
-nuclear membrane dissolves

Front 8

Metaphase

Back 8

Fibers of the spindle apparatus attach to each chromatid at the centromere to align the chromosomes at the center of the cell

Front 9

Anaphase

Back 9

Sister chromatids separate, as they are pulled towards opposite poles of the cell by the shortening of the spindle fibers (made of microtubules)

Front 10

Telophase

Back 10

-Spindle apparatus disappears
-Nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes
-Chromosomes uncoil

Front 11

Cytokinesis

Back 11

Cytoplasm divides into 2 daughter cells (cleavage furrow in animal cells) Cell membrane indents and pinches forming 2 cells

Front 12

What are the differences in mitosis for plant cells?

Back 12

-Plant cells lack centrioles
-No cleavage furrow, instead divide via cell plate

Front 13

Meiosis

Back 13

Produces haploid gametes

Front 14

Prophase 1

Back 14

Homologous chromosomes synapse
(tetrad)
-crossing over can occur (recombination)

Front 15

Metaphase 1

Back 15

Homologous pairs align and attach to a spindle fiber

Front 16

Anaphase 1

Back 16

Homologs separate and are pulled to opposite poles (disjunction)

Front 17

Telophase 1

Back 17

-Nuclear membrane forms
-Chromosome still consists of sister chromatids joined at the centromere

Front 18

Second meiotic division

Back 18

Very similar to mitosis, except the new cells have a haploid number of chromosome
-in human females, only one of the daughter cells becomes a functional gamete

Front 19

Fission

Back 19

DNA replicates, new plasma membrane and cell wall grow inward forming 2 duplicate cells
-occurs in amoebae, paramecia, algae, and bacteria

Front 20

Budding

Back 20

Cell membrane pinches inward to form a new cell that is smaller in size but genetically indentical to the parent cell and then grows to adult size
-eg hydra and yeast

Front 21

Regeneration

Back 21

Regrowth of a lost or injured body part
-hydra, starfish, salamanders, tadpoles

Front 22

Spermatogenesis

Back 22

occurs in the seminiferous tubules
-diploid cells celled spermatogonia undergo meiosis to produce 4 equal haploid sperm

Front 23

Oogenesis

Back 23

Occurs in ovaries
-1 diploid primary female sex cell undergoes meiosis to produce 1 mature ovum.
-Each meiotic division produces subsequent polar bodies, which degenerate

Front 24

Pathway of sperm

Back 24

SEVEN UP
Seminiferous tubules
Epididymis
vas deferens
ejactulatory duct
nothing
urethra
penis

Front 25

Menstrual cycle

Back 25

1.Follicular:FSH increases to cause development of follicle, which then secretes estrogen
2.Ovulation:caused by a surge in LH; mature ovarian follicle burts and releases an ovum,, also a surge in estrogen

Front 26

Mentsrual cycle part 2

Back 26

3. Luteal phase:ruptured follicle develops in corpus luteum (which secretes estrogen and progesterone) Endometrium prepares for implantation of embryo
4. Menstruation:no fertilization causes a drop in progesterone and estrogen, menstrual flow occurs

Front 27

Purines

Back 27

-mnemonic: Purines are pure silver--AG
Adenine and guanine

Front 28

Pyrimidines

Back 28

Cytosine and thymine

Front 29

DNA replication is ________

Back 29

Semi-conservative, meaning 1 parent strand and 1 new daughter strand

Front 30

There exists ___ amino acids, and __ different codons possible

Back 30

20, 64
-many amino acids have more than 1 codon that specify their formation

Front 31

3 different kinds of RNA

Back 31

1. mRNA:carries the complement of a DNA sequence from the nucleus to the ribosomes
2.tRNA:found in the cytoplasm and aids in the translation of mRNAs code to a sequence of amino acids
3.rRNA: structural component of ribosomes (most abundant type) and is synthesized in the nucleolus

Front 32

Transformation

Back 32

process by which a foreign chromosome fragment is incorporated into the bacterial chromosome via recombination

Front 33

Conjugation

Back 33

Sexual mating of bacteria; used by bacteria that contain sex factors and can join via a cytoplasmic conjugation bridge in order to transfer genetic material

Front 34

Transduction

Back 34

occurs when the fragments of the bacterial chromosome accidently become packaged into viral progeny produced during a viral infection

Front 35

Gene regulation in prokaryotes

Back 35

-RNA polymerase binds to the promoter to initiate transcription
-if a repressor binds to the operator, no transcription occurs
-if the inducer binds to the repressor w/o binding to the operator, transcription occurs

Front 36

Viral lytic cycle

Back 36

-viral DNA takes control of host genetic machinery to replicate
-host cell bursts releasing new virions
-virulent

Front 37

Viral lysogenic cycle

Back 37

Viral DNA integrates itself into a host genome in the provirus form and is mostly harmless, but can reemerge and enter lytic cycle as a result of environmental circumstances

Front 38

Morula

Back 38

a solid ball of embryonic cells

Front 39

Blastulation

Back 39

begins when the morula develops a fluid filled cavity called the blastocoel, which later becomes a hollow sphere of cells called the blastula

Front 40

Gastrulation

Back 40

the development if a three layered structure called the gastrula & the 3 primary germ layers

Front 41

Ectoderm gives rise to:

Back 41

epidermis, hair, nails, lens of the eye, epithelium, inner ear, brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, adrenal medulla

Front 42

Mesoderm gives rise to:

Back 42

integuments(outer covering of internal organs), gonads, kidney, circulatory system, musculoskeletal system

Front 43

Endoderm gives rise to:

Back 43

lining of respiratory tract and digestive tract, pancreas, liver, thyroid