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358 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Ka |
[A-][h30+]/[HA] |
|
|
pka |
-log[Ka] |
|
|
Value of pkb for weak base |
greater than zero |
|
|
Value of pka for a weak acid |
greater than zero |
|
|
l |
designates subshell s,p,d,f |
|
|
ml |
-l to l |
|
|
number of orbital in each subshell |
2l +1 |
|
|
maximum principal quantum number |
2n^2 |
|
|
charge of electron |
(-1.6x10^-19 |
|
|
E |
reduction potential |
|
|
E (cell) |
E red + E ox |
|
|
Free energey in cell |
G=-nFEcell |
|
|
How to calculate partial pressure |
Partial pressure = mole fraction x total pressure |
|
|
Gas constant |
8.21 X 10^-2 Latm/molK |
|
|
Gas constant in J/kmol |
8.314 |
|
|
rate of diffusion and effusion |
root of MM2/MM1 |
|
|
Ksp |
solubility product constant |
|
|
Freezing point depression |
Change in T= Kf x molality |
|
|
Boiling point elevation |
Kb x molality = T |
|
|
Work |
W=-P x change in Volume |
|
|
osmotic pressure |
Pi = MRT |
|
|
Free energy of a system |
Change in Heat - (temperature x change in entropy) |
|
|
Beta decay change in mass |
+1 |
|
|
Beta decay change in atomic number |
none |
|
|
Faraday constant |
96,485 colocoumbs/mole |
|
|
E (cell) |
E red + E ox |
|
|
Free energey in cell |
G=-nFEcell |
|
|
How to calculate partial pressure |
Partial pressure = mole fraction x total pressure |
|
|
Gas constant |
8.21 X 10^-2 Latm/molK |
|
|
Gas constant in J/kmol |
8.314 |
|
|
rate of diffusion and effusion |
root of MM2/MM1 |
|
|
Ksp |
solubility product constant |
|
|
Freezing point depression |
Change in T= Kf x molality |
|
|
Boiling point elevation |
Kb x molality = T |
|
|
Work |
W=-P x change in Volume |
|
|
osmotic pressure |
Pi = MRT |
|
|
Free energy of a system |
Change in Heat - (temperature x change in entropy) |
|
|
Beta decay change in mass |
+1 |
|
|
Beta decay change in atomic number |
none |
|
|
Faraday constant |
96,485 colocoumbs/mole |
|
|
Spontaneous reactions |
produce electricity |
|
|
nonspontaneous reaction |
use electricity to produce chemical change |
|
|
oxidation |
loss of electrons |
|
|
reduction |
gaining electrons |
|
|
anode |
oxidation |
|
|
cathode |
reduction |
|
|
galvanic cells are spontaneous or nonspontaneous |
spontaneous |
|
|
electrolytic cells are spontaneous or nonspontaneous |
nonspontaneous |
|
|
charge of an anode in a galvanic cell |
negative |
|
|
charge of an anode in an electrolytic cell |
positive |
|
|
source of electrons in a galvanic cell |
anode |
|
|
source of electrons in an electrolytic cell |
cathode |
|
|
charge of cathode in an electrolytic cell |
negative |
|
|
charge of cathode in galvanic cell |
positive |
|
|
nFEcell = |
RTlnKeq = change in Free Energy |
|
|
H of formation of a reaction |
(Sum of Hf of products)- (sume of Hf of reactants) |
|
|
Positive H, Negative S |
nonspontaneous |
|
|
Negative H, postiive S |
spontaneous |
|
|
Positive H, Positive S |
spontaneous at high temperatures |
|
|
Negative H, Negative H |
spontaneous at low temperatures |
|
|
Rate of a reaction |
=k [A]^x [B]^y |
|
|
Equilibrium constant |
Kc= [product]^x/[reactant]^y |
|
|
avogrados number |
6.022 x 10^23 |
|
|
Plancks constant |
6.626 x 10^-34 |
|
|
Formal charge |
valence - 1/2bonding - nonbonding |
|
|
Energy of planck's emitted photon |
-Rh[ 1/(ni)^2 - 1/ (nf)^2 |
|
|
Rh |
2.18 x 10^-18 |
|
|
ml |
-l to l |
|
|
alpha decay change in mass |
plus four |
|
|
alpha decay change in atomic number |
plus two |
|
|
What does it mean that electrons are quantized |
they can only exist in certain fixed energy states |
|
|
what happens when electron sare excited to a higher energy level and fall back to grounds state |
they emit light |
|
|
velocity of ilght |
3.0 x 10^8 |
|
|
Each elemnt can have its electrons excited to differnet energy levels so it is said to have a unique what? |
emission spectrum |
|
|
the energy of a photon is equal to what? |
E= hc/wavelength |
|
|
the n quantum number describes what |
size |
|
|
the l quantum number describes what |
shape |
|
|
the ml quantum number describes what |
orientation |
|
|
the ms quantum nubmer describes what |
spin |
|
|
what is the principal quantum number |
n |
|
|
as the difference between adjacent shells decreases what happens to their distance from nucleus |
increases |
|
|
number of orbitals in s subshell |
1 |
|
|
number of orbitals in p subshell |
3 |
|
|
number of orbitals in d subshell |
5 |
|
|
number of orbitals in f subshell |
7 |
|
|
hunds rule |
electrons fill all orbitals before pairing up |
|
|
paramagnetic |
unpaired electrons - spins are aligned with the field |
|
|
diamagnetic |
no unpaired electrons - slightly unalighned with external field |
|
|
the rows on periodic table |
rows |
|
|
periods show what quantum number |
principal |
|
|
columns that show valence electrons on periodic table |
groups |
|
|
representative elemens (A) |
s or p sublevels as valence |
|
|
Nonrepresentative (B) elements |
partly filled D and F sublevels |
|
|
as number of protons in an element increase, the radius does what |
decreases |
|
|
ionization energy |
energy required to completely remove an electron from an atom |
|
|
electron affinity |
the ease at which electrons can be added to an atom |
|
|
when sublevels are full, electron affinity is high or low? |
low |
|
|
Atomic radius of metals |
large |
|
|
Ionization energy of metals |
low |
|
|
Electronegativity of metals |
low |
|
|
metal or nonmetal - high melting point |
metal |
|
|
metal or nonmental- high density |
metal |
|
|
metal or nonmetal - good conductor |
metal |
|
|
Metal or nonmetal - lackluster, brittle |
nonmetal |
|
|
metal or nonmental - small atomic radius |
nonmental |
|
|
metal or nonmetal - high ionization enery |
nonmetal |
|
|
metal or nonmetal - high electronegativity |
nonmetal |
|
|
Elements between metals and nonmetals |
metalloids |
|
|
Group IA |
alkali metals |
|
|
Group IIA |
Alkaline earths |
|
|
Halogens |
Group VIIA |
|
|
Halogens are highly reactive with what groups |
IA and IIA |
|
|
Noble gases |
Group VIII - non-reactive, low bp, all gases |
|
|
Groups IB - VIIIB |
Transition elements - malleable and good conductors |
|
|
What type of bond has high electron affinity and small ionization energy |
ionic bonds |
|
|
what type of bonds have weak intermolecular forces |
covalent bonds |
|
|
bonds with high melting and boiling points |
ionic bonds |
|
|
bonds with low melting and boiling points |
covalent bonds |
|
|
what bonds are not good conductors |
covalent bonds |
|
|
number of shared electron pairs between two atoms |
bond order |
|
|
bond length |
distance between two nucei in a bond |
|
|
and increase number of shared electrons increases or decreases bond length |
decrease |
|
|
energy required to separate 2 bonded atoms |
bond energy |
|
|
substance composed of two or more elements in a fixed proportion |
compounds |
|
|
the smallest unit of a compound |
molecule |
|
|
units of zero order reaction |
M/sec |
|
|
units of first order reaction |
1/sec |
|
|
half life equation |
T= .693/k |
|
|
units of second order reaction |
1/MSec |
|
|
the difference in potental energy of products and reactants |
enthalpy |
|
|
Keq never includes what? |
solids and liquieds |
|
|
If Keq is large then is there more product or reactant? |
product |
|
|
If Keq is small, is there more product or reactant |
reactant |
|
|
A system that cannot exchange energy or matter with the outside |
isolated |
|
|
A system that can exchange energy but not matter |
closed |
|
|
A system that can exchange both energy and matter |
open |
|
|
A system in which temperature is constant |
isothermal |
|
|
A system in which no heat exchange occurs |
adiabatic |
|
|
A system with no pressure change |
isobaric |
|
|
the heat in a reaction, q is equal to what? |
q=mc(change in temp) |
|
|
Heat of formation |
(sum Hf of products) - (sum Hf of reactants) |
|
|
Gibbs Free energy equation |
G = H - TS |
|
|
A reaction is spontaneous when G is less than or greater than zero? |
less than |
|
|
Spontaneous or nonspontaneous: H is negative S is positive |
spontaneous |
|
|
Spontaneous or nonspontaneous: H is positive and S is negative |
nonspontaneous |
|
|
Spontaneous or nonspontaneous: H and S are positive |
spontaneous at high temperatures |
|
|
Spontaneous or nonspontaneous: H and S are both negative |
Spontaneous at low temperatures |
|
|
G'= ? |
-RTln Keq |
|
|
G = ? |
G' + RTlnQ |
|
|
Standard temperature and pressure |
1 atm, 273 K |
|
|
An ideal gas has no what? |
intermolecular forces and no volume |
|
|
Ideal gases occur under what conditions? |
low pressure and high temperature |
|
|
Real gases have what two things that ideal gases do not have? |
intermolecular forces and volume |
|
|
The partial pressure of a gas is calculated with this equation |
Pa= Pt x X |
|
|
Kinetic energy of gases is primarily affected by what factor? |
temperature, as temp increases, molecules move at higher speeds |
|
|
Carbohydrates are composed of what elements and in what ratio |
carbon hydrogen and oxygen )1:2:1) |
|
|
Lipids are composed of what elements and in what ratio |
C, H, and O with much more H than O in comparison to carbs |
|
|
A lipid consists of what? |
3 fatty acids and one glycerol |
|
|
what gives fatty acids their hydrophobic character |
long carbon chains |
|
|
what gives fatty acids their acidic character |
carboxylic acid groups |
|
|
phosolipid is composed of what? |
glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and phospate and nitrogen alcohol |
|
|
caretenoids are what type of macromolecule and what is their purpose |
lipid, serve as pigments |
|
|
porphyrins |
lipids that ahve four joined rings and are complexed with a metal |
|
|
In addition to C, H, and O; proteins may also have what? |
phosphorus and sulfur |
|
|
what do enzymes do to the activation energy |
lower it |
|
|
what do enzymes do to the rate |
increase it |
|
|
what do enzymes do to the overall Free energy of a reaction |
nothing |
|
|
Nucleic acids contain the elements: ? |
C, H, O, N, P |
|
|
Nucleic acids are made up of |
nucleotides |
|
|
A nucleotide is made of what three things? |
5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous basew |
|
|
what type of microscopy allows specimen to be alive |
phase contrast |
|
|
the movement of particles due to kinetic energy which spreads small suspended particles throughout the cytoplasm of the cell |
brownian movement |
|
|
circular motion of cytoplasm around the cell teransport molecules |
cyclosis |
|
|
homologous chromosomes paire up at mitosis or meiosis |
meiosis |
|
|
a type of asexual reproduction in which replication of nucleus is followed by unequal cytokinesis |
budding |
|
|
development of an unfertilized egg into an adult organism |
parthenogenesis |
|
|
the female hormone that is responsible for thickening of the endometrium |
estrogens |
|
|
female hormone secreted by the corpus luteum during hte luteal phase of menstruation |
progesterone |
|
|
The follicular phase of the menstrual cycle begins wtih what? |
cessation of the menstrual flow |
|
|
During the follicular phase the hormone _______ released from _______ promotes ___________ and the follicle begins to secrete __________ |
FSH, Anterior pituitary, development of the follicle, estrogen |
|
|
During ovularion , an _______ is released |
ovum |
|
|
Ovulation is caused by ? |
a surge in LH |
|
|
The surge is LH is in part caused by the peak in what hormone |
estrogen |
|
|
In the luteal phase, the ______hormone induces the the ruptured follicle to develop into the ___________ |
LH, corpus luteum |
|
|
The corpus luteum secretes what |
estrogen and progesterone |
|
|
male organ in flowering plant |
stamen |
|
|
stamen contains what at the end |
pollen bearing anther |
|
|
female organ in flowering plant |
pistil or carpal |
|
|
plants alternate between ______ and __________generatioins |
gametophyte and sporophyte |
|
|
the gametophyte generatation is (haploid/diploid) |
haploid |
|
|
gametes in plants are produced by mitosis or meiosis |
mitosis |
|
|
gametophytes reproduce asexually or sexually |
sexually |
|
|
sporophytes reproduce asexually or sexually |
asexually |
|
|
sporophytes are (haploid/diploid) and produce (haploid/diploid) _______ via _________ |
diploid, haploid, meiosis |
|
|
this type of RNA transports DNA from nucleus to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis |
mRNA |
|
|
this type of RNA translates RNA to amino acids |
tRNA |
|
|
this type of RNA is structrual component of Ribosomes |
rRNA |
|
|
process of changing DNA to RNA |
Transcription |
|
|
process of changing RNA to protein |
translation |
|
|
in translation the mRNA contains a three letter ________ |
codon |
|
|
in translation the tRNA contains the three letter _______ |
anticodon |
|
|
in tranlation mRNA moves in what direction |
5 to 3 |
|
|
in translation tRNA is read in what direction |
3 to 5 |
|
|
what are the three sites on a ribosome |
A, p, E |
|
|
the tRNA attaches at what site |
A |
|
|
the protein elongates at what site |
P |
|
|
an inducer must bind to a repressor to for transcription to occur in this type of system |
inducible |
|
|
an inducer in an inducible system binds to what? |
the repressor |
|
|
what binds to the repressor in a trepressible system |
corepressor |
|
|
without an inducer in an inducible system, transcription always occurs or never occurs |
never |
|
|
without a corepressor in a repressible system, transcription always occurs or never occurs |
always |
|
|
During what cycle of a bacteriophage does the bacterial cell burst |
lytic cycle |
|
|
during what cycle of a bacteriophage is the virus integrated into bacterial genome |
lysogenic |
|
|
the epidermis forms from this layer of the gastrula |
ectoderm |
|
|
the muscles are formed from this layer of the gastrula |
mesoderm |
|
|
epithelial linings are formed from this layer of the gastrula |
endoderm |
|
|
the part of the egg that lines the inside of the shell and provides a moist memebrane for gas exchange |
chorion |
|
|
part of the egg that encloses the yolk and contains blood vessels for food transfer |
yolk sac |
|
|
encloses amnionic fluid |
amnion |
|
|
sac like structure involved in respiration and excretion, highly vascularized |
allantois |
|
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what is the purpose of the chorion |
moist gas exchange surface |
|
|
what is the prupose of amnion |
protects developing embryo from shock |
|
|
what is the purpose of allantois |
respiration and exretion and transportation of gases and wastes |
|
|
purpose of yolk sac |
allows passage for food transport |
|
|
in placental animals what functions as the chorion |
placenta |
|
|
in placental animals, what is analgous to the allantois |
umbilical cord |
|
|
in protozoans, movement of gases and nutrients is accomplished via what method |
simple diffusion |
|
|
hydra and cnidarians, movement of gases and nutrients is accomplished by |
no specialized circulatory system. body walls are two cells thick so all cells are in direct contact with internal or external environment |
|
|
arthropods movement of gases and nutrients is accomplished by |
open circulatory systems |
|
|
a circulatory system in which blood and interstitial fluid is in direct contact with tissues - there are no vessels |
open circulatory system |
|
|
circulatory system in which blood is confined to blood vessels |
closed circulatory system |
|
|
annelids (earthworms) use what kind of circulatory system |
closed |
|
|
earthworms do not have what type of cells? |
red blood cells |
|
|
what types of vessels have the thickest most muscular walls |
arteries |
|
|
what types of vessels have the thinnest walls |
capillaries |
|
|
blood is composed of what 4 things? |
plasma, RBC, WBC, and platelets |
|
|
what are the two functions of antibodies |
to attract WBCs and to agglutinate cells for easy removal |
|
|
obtaining immunity through an immune response |
active immunity |
|
|
obtaining immunity through the passage of antibodies from one animal to another |
passive |
|
|
type of immunology via antibodies |
humoral |
|
|
immunity against virus or fungus |
cell mediated |
|
|
what is the main function of RBC |
oxygen transport |
|
|
what is the main function of WBC |
phagocytize, immune response |
|
|
what is the main function of platelets |
clot formation |
|
|
what are the adrenal glands |
adrenal cortex and andrenal medulla |
|
|
what is secreted by adrenal coretex |
corticosteroids |
|
|
what is secreted by the adrenal medlla |
epinephrine and norepinephrine |
|
|
what controls the release of adrenal cortical hormones |
ACTH secreted by ant pit |
|
|
corticosteroids |
cortisol, aldosterone, androgens |
|
|
glucocorticoids raise/lower blood glucose levels |
raise |
|
|
the antagonist of glucocorticoids are |
iinsulin |
|
|
Adrenal coritical hormone that increases Na absorption and passive water flow to increase BP and BV |
aldosterone |
|
|
an adrenal cortical hormone used for glucose metabolism |
cortisol |
|
|
an adrenal cortical hormone used for protein metabolism |
cortisone |
|
|
epinephrine raises/lowers blood glucose levels |
raises |
|
|
what are the direct hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary |
growth hormone and prolactin |
|
|
what is the function of prolactin |
stimulation of milk production in females |
|
|
what are the 6 tropic hormones of the anterior pituitary |
ACTH, TSH, LH, FSH, MSH |
|
|
what is the function of LH in males |
testerosterone production |
|
|
what is the purose of LH in females |
stimulation of ovulation and corpus luteum formation |
|
|
what is the purpose of FSH in males |
maturation of seminiferous tublules and sperm production |
|
|
what does FSH do in females |
matures ovarian follicles |
|
|
what hormones does the posterior pituitary make |
none |
|
|
what hormones does the posterior pituitary store and relase |
oxytocin and ADH |
|
|
ADH increases or decreases the permeability of the collecting duct |
increases |
|
|
what part of the brain in the hypothalamus a part of |
forebrain |
|
|
when does posterior pituitary release hormones |
when hypothalamus sends action potentials to it |
|
|
how does hypothalamus regulate the release of ant pit hormones |
through releasing hormones via the hypothalamic hypophoseal portal system |
|
|
what are the three hormones of the thyroid gland |
T3, T4 and calcitonin |
|
|
calcitonin decreases or increases plasma Ca concentration |
decreases |
|
|
how does calcitonin control plasma Ca concentration |
inhibits the relase of Ca from bone if ca plasma levels are too high |
|
|
what is the antagonist to calcitonin |
parathyroid hormone |
|
|
is the pancreas an endocrine or and exocrine gland |
both |
|
|
what is the exocrine function |
cells that secrete digestive enzymes |
|
|
what is the endocrine function |
islets of langerhans that make insulin and glucagon |
|
|
insulin is anabolic or catabolic |
anabolic |
|
|
glucagon is anabolic or catabolic |
catabolic |
|
|
what type of cells produce glucagon |
alpha |
|
|
what type of cells produce insulin |
beta |
|
|
the parathyroid hormone increases or decreases plasma concentration of Calcium |
increases |
|
|
how does PTH increase plasma concentration of calcium |
increasing bone resorption and minimizing ca excretion |
|
|
enzyme that convergs angiotensinogen to angiotensin I |
renin |
|
|
what controls aldosterone secretion |
a fall in blood volume followed by kidneys production of renin |
|
|
what hormone is used for digestion in stomach |
gstrin |
|
|
what is the function of gastrin |
stimulates the production of HCL |
|
|
what hormone is released in the small intestine in response to acidic food in stomach |
secretin |
|
|
what does secretin do |
stimulates bicarbonate secretion to neutralize acidic chyme |
|
|
what hormone in the small intestine is released in response to fats and causes the contraction of gallbladder for release of bile |
cholecystokinin |
|
|
what does the pineal gland secrete |
melatonin |
|
|
what is the antagonist to melatonin |
MSH |
|
|
what type of hormone has surgace receptors |
peptide hormones |
|
|
what type of hormones have intracellular receptors |
steroid hormones |
|
|
what type of hormone bnds to DNA and has a genomic effect |
steroid |
|
|
what type of hormone acts via second messengers |
peptide |
|
|
what maintains the resting potential of a cell |
Na/K pump |
|
|
glial cells of the CNS |
oligodendricytes |
|
|
what type of organism has no organized nervous system and can only respond to simple stimuli such as heat, light, and touch |
unicellular organisms (protozoa) |
|
|
nervous system of cnidarians |
nerve net |
|
|
network of nerve cells |
nerve net |
|
|
nervous system of earthworms |
primitive central nervous system |
|
|
the primitive central nervous system of earthworms includes: |
ventral nerve cord, anterior brain of fused ganglia |
|
|
what is more specialized about arthropoda nervous sytems |
have sense organs |
|
|
neurons that carry infomation about environment to the brain |
afferent nuerons |
|
|
neurons that carry information from brain to organs |
effereent nuerons |
|
|
what does the CNS consist of |
brain and spinal cord |
|
|
what are three function sof the brain |
interpret sensory info |
|
|
the outer portion of the brain |
gray matter |
|
|
gray matter contains |
cells bodies |
|
|
the inner portion of the brain |
white matter |
|
|
white matter contains |
myelinated axons |
|
|
three sections of the brain |
forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain |
|
|
two parts of the forebrain |
telencephalon and diencephalon |
|
|
the cerebral cortex is located in |
the telencephalon of the forebrain |
|
|
the cerebral cortex function |
processes and integrates: sensory input |
|
|
the olfactory bulb is located in |
the forebrain |
|
|
what does the diencephalon contain |
hypothalamus and thalamus |
|
|
relays and integrates information between cerebral cortex and spinal cord |
thalamus |
|
|
controls visceral functions such as hunger, thirst, sex drive, blood pressure |
hypothalamus |
|
|
Relay cneter for visual and auditory impulses as well as motor control |
midbrain |
|
|
three parts of the hindbrain |
pons, medulla, cerebellum |
|
|
modulates motor impulses initiated by the cerebral cortex |
cerebellum |
|
|
maintains balance |
cerebellum |
|
|
hand eye coordination |
cerebellum |
|
|
timing of rapid movements |
cerebellum |
|
|
relay between cortex and cerebellum |
pons |
|
|
controls vital functions: breathing heart rate and gastrointestinal activity |
medulla |
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brainstem |
midrain, pons, and medulla |
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sensory information enters the spinal cord through the |
dorsal horn |
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sensory information exits the spinal cord through the |
ventral horn |
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spinal cord function |
integrates sensory info to the brain and motor info out of brain |
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components of peripheral nervous system |
nerves and ganglia |
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the two divisions of the PNS |
somatic and autonomic |
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responsible for skeletal muscle contraction and voluntary movement |
somatic nervous system |
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repsonponsible for involunatry muscle contraction |
autonomic nervous system |
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divisions of autonomic system |
sympathetic and parasympathetic |
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flight or fight system |
sympathetic |
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rest and digest |
parasympathetic |
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primary neurotransmitter is norepinerphrine |
sympathetic |
|
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primary neruotransmitter is acetylcholine |
parasympathetic |
|
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inner most layer of the eye containing photoreceptors |
retina |
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supplies retina with blood |
choroid |
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transparent layer of eye that bends and focuses light |
cornea |
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hole through which light enters eye |
pupil |
|
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part of eye that focuses and image on retina |
lens |
|
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iris |
controls diamter of pupil |
|
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part of retina sensitive to color |
cones |
|
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part of retina with low intensity vision |
rods |
|
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rhodopsin in cones or rods? |
rods |
|
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point at which optic nerve exits eye |
blind spot |
|
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humor for shape of eye |
vitreous humor |
|
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humor made by eye and exits thru ducts |
aqeuous humor |
|
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what animals respire through simple diffusion |
protozoa, hydra, cnidarians |
|
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what provides a mosit surface for gas exchange in annelids |
mucus on the earthworms body |
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arthropod respiratory system |
tracheae with branches that lead to all cells |
|
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tubes of the arthropod repiratory sytem open to the surface called |
spiracles |
|
|
spiracles allow removal of respiratory gases to occur via |
simple diffusion |
|
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T/F - a carrier of oxygen is necessary for arthropod respiratory sytem |
false |
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control of ventilation in humans is controlled by what part of the brain |
medulla oblongata |
