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358 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Ka |
[A-][h30+]/[HA]
|
|
|
pka
|
-log[Ka]
|
|
|
Value of pkb for weak base
|
greater than zero
|
|
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Value of pka for a weak acid
|
greater than zero
|
|
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l
|
designates subshell s,p,d,f
can be 0 to n-1 |
|
|
ml
|
-l to l
|
|
|
number of orbital in each subshell
|
2l +1
|
|
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maximum principal quantum number
|
2n^2
|
|
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charge of electron
|
(-1.6x10^-19
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E
|
reduction potential
|
|
|
E (cell)
|
E red + E ox
|
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Free energey in cell
|
G=-nFEcell
|
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How to calculate partial pressure
|
Partial pressure = mole fraction x total pressure
|
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Gas constant
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8.21 X 10^-2 Latm/molK
|
|
|
Gas constant in J/kmol
|
8.314
|
|
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rate of diffusion and effusion
|
root of MM2/MM1
|
|
|
Ksp
|
solubility product constant
[product]^n[product]^n |
|
|
Freezing point depression
|
Change in T= Kf x molality
|
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Boiling point elevation
|
Kb x molality = T
|
|
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Work
|
W=-P x change in Volume
|
|
|
osmotic pressure
|
Pi = MRT
|
|
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Free energy of a system
|
Change in Heat - (temperature x change in entropy)
|
|
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Beta decay change in mass
|
+1
|
|
|
Beta decay change in atomic number
|
none
|
|
|
Faraday constant
|
96,485 colocoumbs/mole
|
|
|
E (cell)
|
E red + E ox
|
|
|
Free energey in cell
|
G=-nFEcell
|
|
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How to calculate partial pressure
|
Partial pressure = mole fraction x total pressure
|
|
|
Gas constant
|
8.21 X 10^-2 Latm/molK
|
|
|
Gas constant in J/kmol
|
8.314
|
|
|
rate of diffusion and effusion
|
root of MM2/MM1
|
|
|
Ksp
|
solubility product constant
[product]^n[product]^n |
|
|
Freezing point depression
|
Change in T= Kf x molality
|
|
|
Boiling point elevation
|
Kb x molality = T
|
|
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Work
|
W=-P x change in Volume
|
|
|
osmotic pressure
|
Pi = MRT
|
|
|
Free energy of a system
|
Change in Heat - (temperature x change in entropy)
|
|
|
Beta decay change in mass
|
+1
|
|
|
Beta decay change in atomic number
|
none
|
|
|
Faraday constant
|
96,485 colocoumbs/mole
|
|
|
Spontaneous reactions
|
produce electricity
|
|
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nonspontaneous reaction
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use electricity to produce chemical change
|
|
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oxidation
|
loss of electrons
|
|
|
reduction
|
gaining electrons
|
|
|
anode
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oxidation
|
|
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cathode
|
reduction
|
|
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galvanic cells are spontaneous or nonspontaneous
|
spontaneous
|
|
|
electrolytic cells are spontaneous or nonspontaneous
|
nonspontaneous
|
|
|
charge of an anode in a galvanic cell
|
negative
|
|
|
charge of an anode in an electrolytic cell
|
positive
|
|
|
source of electrons in a galvanic cell
|
anode
|
|
|
source of electrons in an electrolytic cell
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cathode
|
|
|
charge of cathode in an electrolytic cell
|
negative
|
|
|
charge of cathode in galvanic cell
|
positive
|
|
|
nFEcell =
|
RTlnKeq = change in Free Energy
|
|
|
H of formation of a reaction
|
(Sum of Hf of products)- (sume of Hf of reactants)
|
|
|
Positive H, Negative S
|
nonspontaneous
|
|
|
Negative H, postiive S
|
spontaneous
|
|
|
Positive H, Positive S
|
spontaneous at high temperatures
|
|
|
Negative H, Negative H
|
spontaneous at low temperatures
|
|
|
Rate of a reaction
|
=k [A]^x [B]^y
|
|
|
Equilibrium constant
|
Kc= [product]^x/[reactant]^y
|
|
|
avogrados number
|
6.022 x 10^23
|
|
|
Plancks constant
|
6.626 x 10^-34
|
|
|
Formal charge
|
valence - 1/2bonding - nonbonding
|
|
|
Energy of planck's emitted photon
|
-Rh[ 1/(ni)^2 - 1/ (nf)^2
|
|
|
Rh
|
2.18 x 10^-18
|
|
|
ml
|
-l to l
|
|
|
alpha decay change in mass
|
plus four
|
|
|
alpha decay change in atomic number
|
plus two
|
|
|
What does it mean that electrons are quantized
|
they can only exist in certain fixed energy states
|
|
|
what happens when electron sare excited to a higher energy level and fall back to grounds state
|
they emit light
|
|
|
velocity of ilght
|
3.0 x 10^8
|
|
|
Each elemnt can have its electrons excited to differnet energy levels so it is said to have a unique what?
|
emission spectrum
|
|
|
the energy of a photon is equal to what?
|
E= hc/wavelength
|
|
|
the n quantum number describes what
|
size
|
|
|
the l quantum number describes what
|
shape
|
|
|
the ml quantum number describes what
|
orientation
|
|
|
the ms quantum nubmer describes what
|
spin
|
|
|
what is the principal quantum number
|
n
|
|
|
as the difference between adjacent shells decreases what happens to their distance from nucleus
|
increases
|
|
|
number of orbitals in s subshell
|
1
|
|
|
number of orbitals in p subshell
|
3
|
|
|
number of orbitals in d subshell
|
5
|
|
|
number of orbitals in f subshell
|
7
|
|
|
hunds rule
|
electrons fill all orbitals before pairing up
|
|
|
paramagnetic
|
unpaired electrons - spins are aligned with the field
|
|
|
diamagnetic
|
no unpaired electrons - slightly unalighned with external field
|
|
|
the rows on periodic table
|
rows
|
|
|
periods show what quantum number
|
principal
|
|
|
columns that show valence electrons on periodic table
|
groups
|
|
|
representative elemens (A)
|
s or p sublevels as valence
|
|
|
Nonrepresentative (B) elements
|
partly filled D and F sublevels
|
|
|
as number of protons in an element increase, the radius does what
|
decreases
|
|
|
ionization energy
|
energy required to completely remove an electron from an atom
|
|
|
electron affinity
|
the ease at which electrons can be added to an atom
|
|
|
when sublevels are full, electron affinity is high or low?
|
low
|
|
|
Atomic radius of metals
|
large
|
|
|
Ionization energy of metals
|
low
|
|
|
Electronegativity of metals
|
low
|
|
|
metal or nonmetal - high melting point
|
metal
|
|
|
metal or nonmental- high density
|
metal
|
|
|
metal or nonmetal - good conductor
|
metal
|
|
|
Metal or nonmetal - lackluster, brittle
|
nonmetal
|
|
|
metal or nonmental - small atomic radius
|
nonmental
|
|
|
metal or nonmetal - high ionization enery
|
nonmetal
|
|
|
metal or nonmetal - high electronegativity
|
nonmetal
|
|
|
Elements between metals and nonmetals
|
metalloids
|
|
|
Group IA
|
alkali metals
|
|
|
Group IIA
|
Alkaline earths
|
|
|
Halogens
|
Group VIIA
|
|
|
Halogens are highly reactive with what groups
|
IA and IIA
|
|
|
Noble gases
|
Group VIII - non-reactive, low bp, all gases
|
|
|
Groups IB - VIIIB
|
Transition elements - malleable and good conductors
|
|
|
What type of bond has high electron affinity and small ionization energy
|
ionic bonds
|
|
|
what type of bonds have weak intermolecular forces
|
covalent bonds
|
|
|
bonds with high melting and boiling points
|
ionic bonds
|
|
|
bonds with low melting and boiling points
|
covalent bonds
|
|
|
what bonds are not good conductors
|
covalent bonds
|
|
|
number of shared electron pairs between two atoms
|
bond order
|
|
|
bond length
|
distance between two nucei in a bond
|
|
|
and increase number of shared electrons increases or decreases bond length
|
decrease
|
|
|
energy required to separate 2 bonded atoms
|
bond energy
|
|
|
substance composed of two or more elements in a fixed proportion
|
compounds
|
|
|
the smallest unit of a compound
|
molecule
|
|
|
units of zero order reaction
|
M/sec
|
|
|
units of first order reaction
|
1/sec
|
|
|
half life equation
|
T= .693/k
|
|
|
units of second order reaction
|
1/MSec
|
|
|
the difference in potental energy of products and reactants
|
enthalpy
|
|
|
Keq never includes what?
|
solids and liquieds
|
|
|
If Keq is large then is there more product or reactant?
|
product
|
|
|
If Keq is small, is there more product or reactant
|
reactant
|
|
|
A system that cannot exchange energy or matter with the outside
|
isolated
|
|
|
A system that can exchange energy but not matter
|
closed
|
|
|
A system that can exchange both energy and matter
|
open
|
|
|
A system in which temperature is constant
|
isothermal
|
|
|
A system in which no heat exchange occurs
|
adiabatic
|
|
|
A system with no pressure change
|
isobaric
|
|
|
the heat in a reaction, q is equal to what?
|
q=mc(change in temp)
|
|
|
Heat of formation
|
(sum Hf of products) - (sum Hf of reactants)
|
|
|
Gibbs Free energy equation
|
G = H - TS
|
|
|
A reaction is spontaneous when G is less than or greater than zero?
|
less than
|
|
|
Spontaneous or nonspontaneous: H is negative S is positive
|
spontaneous
|
|
|
Spontaneous or nonspontaneous: H is positive and S is negative
|
nonspontaneous
|
|
|
Spontaneous or nonspontaneous: H and S are positive
|
spontaneous at high temperatures
|
|
|
Spontaneous or nonspontaneous: H and S are both negative
|
Spontaneous at low temperatures
|
|
|
G'= ?
|
-RTln Keq
|
|
|
G = ?
|
G' + RTlnQ
|
|
|
Standard temperature and pressure
|
1 atm, 273 K
|
|
|
An ideal gas has no what?
|
intermolecular forces and no volume
|
|
|
Ideal gases occur under what conditions?
|
low pressure and high temperature
|
|
|
Real gases have what two things that ideal gases do not have?
|
intermolecular forces and volume
|
|
|
The partial pressure of a gas is calculated with this equation
|
Pa= Pt x X
|
|
|
Kinetic energy of gases is primarily affected by what factor?
|
temperature, as temp increases, molecules move at higher speeds
|
|
|
Carbohydrates are composed of what elements and in what ratio
|
carbon hydrogen and oxygen )1:2:1)
|
|
|
Lipids are composed of what elements and in what ratio
|
C, H, and O with much more H than O in comparison to carbs
|
|
|
A lipid consists of what?
|
3 fatty acids and one glycerol
|
|
|
what gives fatty acids their hydrophobic character
|
long carbon chains
|
|
|
what gives fatty acids their acidic character
|
carboxylic acid groups
|
|
|
phosolipid is composed of what?
|
glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and phospate and nitrogen alcohol
|
|
|
caretenoids are what type of macromolecule and what is their purpose
|
lipid, serve as pigments
|
|
|
porphyrins
|
lipids that ahve four joined rings and are complexed with a metal
|
|
|
In addition to C, H, and O; proteins may also have what?
|
phosphorus and sulfur
|
|
|
what do enzymes do to the activation energy
|
lower it
|
|
|
what do enzymes do to the rate
|
increase it
|
|
|
what do enzymes do to the overall Free energy of a reaction
|
nothing
|
|
|
Nucleic acids contain the elements: ?
|
C, H, O, N, P
|
|
|
Nucleic acids are made up of
|
nucleotides
|
|
|
A nucleotide is made of what three things?
|
5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous basew
|
|
|
what type of microscopy allows specimen to be alive
|
phase contrast
|
|
|
the movement of particles due to kinetic energy which spreads small suspended particles throughout the cytoplasm of the cell
|
brownian movement
|
|
|
circular motion of cytoplasm around the cell teransport molecules
|
cyclosis
|
|
|
homologous chromosomes paire up at mitosis or meiosis
|
meiosis
|
|
|
a type of asexual reproduction in which replication of nucleus is followed by unequal cytokinesis
|
budding
|
|
|
development of an unfertilized egg into an adult organism
|
parthenogenesis
|
|
|
the female hormone that is responsible for thickening of the endometrium
|
estrogens
|
|
|
female hormone secreted by the corpus luteum during hte luteal phase of menstruation
|
progesterone
|
|
|
The follicular phase of the menstrual cycle begins wtih what?
|
cessation of the menstrual flow
|
|
|
During the follicular phase the hormone _______ released from _______ promotes ___________ and the follicle begins to secrete __________
|
FSH, Anterior pituitary, development of the follicle, estrogen
|
|
|
During ovularion , an _______ is released
|
ovum
|
|
|
Ovulation is caused by ?
|
a surge in LH
|
|
|
The surge is LH is in part caused by the peak in what hormone
|
estrogen
|
|
|
In the luteal phase, the ______hormone induces the the ruptured follicle to develop into the ___________
|
LH, corpus luteum
|
|
|
The corpus luteum secretes what
|
estrogen and progesterone
|
|
|
male organ in flowering plant
|
stamen
|
|
|
stamen contains what at the end
|
pollen bearing anther
|
|
|
female organ in flowering plant
|
pistil or carpal
|
|
|
plants alternate between ______ and __________generatioins
|
gametophyte and sporophyte
|
|
|
the gametophyte generatation is (haploid/diploid)
|
haploid
|
|
|
gametes in plants are produced by mitosis or meiosis
|
mitosis
|
|
|
gametophytes reproduce asexually or sexually
|
sexually
|
|
|
sporophytes reproduce asexually or sexually
|
asexually
|
|
|
sporophytes are (haploid/diploid) and produce (haploid/diploid) _______ via _________
|
diploid, haploid, meiosis
|
|
|
this type of RNA transports DNA from nucleus to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis
|
mRNA
|
|
|
this type of RNA translates RNA to amino acids
|
tRNA
|
|
|
this type of RNA is structrual component of Ribosomes
|
rRNA
|
|
|
process of changing DNA to RNA
|
Transcription
|
|
|
process of changing RNA to protein
|
translation
|
|
|
in translation the mRNA contains a three letter ________
|
codon
|
|
|
in translation the tRNA contains the three letter _______
|
anticodon
|
|
|
in tranlation mRNA moves in what direction
|
5 to 3
|
|
|
in translation tRNA is read in what direction
|
3 to 5
|
|
|
what are the three sites on a ribosome
|
A, p, E
|
|
|
the tRNA attaches at what site
|
A
|
|
|
the protein elongates at what site
|
P
|
|
|
an inducer must bind to a repressor to for transcription to occur in this type of system
|
inducible
|
|
|
an inducer in an inducible system binds to what?
|
the repressor
|
|
|
what binds to the repressor in a trepressible system
|
corepressor
|
|
|
without an inducer in an inducible system, transcription always occurs or never occurs
|
never
|
|
|
without a corepressor in a repressible system, transcription always occurs or never occurs
|
always
|
|
|
During what cycle of a bacteriophage does the bacterial cell burst
|
lytic cycle
|
|
|
during what cycle of a bacteriophage is the virus integrated into bacterial genome
|
lysogenic
|
|
|
the epidermis forms from this layer of the gastrula
|
ectoderm
|
|
|
the muscles are formed from this layer of the gastrula
|
mesoderm
|
|
|
epithelial linings are formed from this layer of the gastrula
|
endoderm
|
|
|
the part of the egg that lines the inside of the shell and provides a moist memebrane for gas exchange
|
chorion
|
|
|
part of the egg that encloses the yolk and contains blood vessels for food transfer
|
yolk sac
|
|
|
encloses amnionic fluid
|
amnion
|
|
|
sac like structure involved in respiration and excretion, highly vascularized
|
allantois
|
|
|
what is the purpose of the chorion
|
moist gas exchange surface
|
|
|
what is the prupose of amnion
|
protects developing embryo from shock
|
|
|
what is the purpose of allantois
|
respiration and exretion and transportation of gases and wastes
|
|
|
purpose of yolk sac
|
allows passage for food transport
|
|
|
in placental animals what functions as the chorion
|
placenta
|
|
|
in placental animals, what is analgous to the allantois
|
umbilical cord
|
|
|
in protozoans, movement of gases and nutrients is accomplished via what method
|
simple diffusion
|
|
|
hydra and cnidarians, movement of gases and nutrients is accomplished by
|
no specialized circulatory system. body walls are two cells thick so all cells are in direct contact with internal or external environment
|
|
|
arthropods movement of gases and nutrients is accomplished by
|
open circulatory systems
|
|
|
a circulatory system in which blood and interstitial fluid is in direct contact with tissues - there are no vessels
|
open circulatory system
|
|
|
circulatory system in which blood is confined to blood vessels
|
closed circulatory system
|
|
|
annelids (earthworms) use what kind of circulatory system
|
closed
|
|
|
earthworms do not have what type of cells?
|
red blood cells
|
|
|
what types of vessels have the thickest most muscular walls
|
arteries
|
|
|
what types of vessels have the thinnest walls
|
capillaries
|
|
|
blood is composed of what 4 things?
|
plasma, RBC, WBC, and platelets
|
|
|
what are the two functions of antibodies
|
to attract WBCs and to agglutinate cells for easy removal
|
|
|
obtaining immunity through an immune response
|
active immunity
|
|
|
obtaining immunity through the passage of antibodies from one animal to another
|
passive
|
|
|
type of immunology via antibodies
|
humoral
|
|
|
immunity against virus or fungus
|
cell mediated
|
|
|
what is the main function of RBC
|
oxygen transport
|
|
|
what is the main function of WBC
|
phagocytize, immune response
|
|
|
what is the main function of platelets
|
clot formation
|
|
|
what are the adrenal glands
|
adrenal cortex and andrenal medulla
|
|
|
what is secreted by adrenal coretex
|
corticosteroids
|
|
|
what is secreted by the adrenal medlla
|
epinephrine and norepinephrine
|
|
|
what controls the release of adrenal cortical hormones
|
ACTH secreted by ant pit
|
|
|
corticosteroids
|
cortisol, aldosterone, androgens
|
|
|
glucocorticoids raise/lower blood glucose levels
|
raise
|
|
|
the antagonist of glucocorticoids are
|
iinsulin
|
|
|
Adrenal coritical hormone that increases Na absorption and passive water flow to increase BP and BV
|
aldosterone
|
|
|
an adrenal cortical hormone used for glucose metabolism
|
cortisol
|
|
|
an adrenal cortical hormone used for protein metabolism
|
cortisone
|
|
|
epinephrine raises/lowers blood glucose levels
|
raises
|
|
|
what are the direct hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary
|
growth hormone and prolactin
|
|
|
what is the function of prolactin
|
stimulation of milk production in females
|
|
|
what are the 6 tropic hormones of the anterior pituitary
|
ACTH, TSH, LH, FSH, MSH
|
|
|
what is the function of LH in males
|
testerosterone production
|
|
|
what is the purose of LH in females
|
stimulation of ovulation and corpus luteum formation
|
|
|
what is the purpose of FSH in males
|
maturation of seminiferous tublules and sperm production
|
|
|
what does FSH do in females
|
matures ovarian follicles
|
|
|
what hormones does the posterior pituitary make
|
none
|
|
|
what hormones does the posterior pituitary store and relase
|
oxytocin and ADH
|
|
|
ADH increases or decreases the permeability of the collecting duct
|
increases
|
|
|
what part of the brain in the hypothalamus a part of
|
forebrain
|
|
|
when does posterior pituitary release hormones
|
when hypothalamus sends action potentials to it
|
|
|
how does hypothalamus regulate the release of ant pit hormones
|
through releasing hormones via the hypothalamic hypophoseal portal system
|
|
|
what are the three hormones of the thyroid gland
|
T3, T4 and calcitonin
|
|
|
calcitonin decreases or increases plasma Ca concentration
|
decreases
|
|
|
how does calcitonin control plasma Ca concentration
|
inhibits the relase of Ca from bone if ca plasma levels are too high
|
|
|
what is the antagonist to calcitonin
|
parathyroid hormone
|
|
|
is the pancreas an endocrine or and exocrine gland
|
both
|
|
|
what is the exocrine function
|
cells that secrete digestive enzymes
|
|
|
what is the endocrine function
|
islets of langerhans that make insulin and glucagon
|
|
|
insulin is anabolic or catabolic
|
anabolic
|
|
|
glucagon is anabolic or catabolic
|
catabolic
|
|
|
what type of cells produce glucagon
|
alpha
|
|
|
what type of cells produce insulin
|
beta
|
|
|
the parathyroid hormone increases or decreases plasma concentration of Calcium
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increases
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how does PTH increase plasma concentration of calcium
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increasing bone resorption and minimizing ca excretion
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enzyme that convergs angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
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renin
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|
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what controls aldosterone secretion
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a fall in blood volume followed by kidneys production of renin
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|
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what hormone is used for digestion in stomach
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gstrin
|
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what is the function of gastrin
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stimulates the production of HCL
|
|
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what hormone is released in the small intestine in response to acidic food in stomach
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secretin
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what does secretin do
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stimulates bicarbonate secretion to neutralize acidic chyme
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|
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what hormone in the small intestine is released in response to fats and causes the contraction of gallbladder for release of bile
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cholecystokinin
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what does the pineal gland secrete
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melatonin
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what is the antagonist to melatonin
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MSH
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|
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what type of hormone has surgace receptors
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peptide hormones
|
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what type of hormones have intracellular receptors
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steroid hormones
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what type of hormone bnds to DNA and has a genomic effect
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steroid
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what type of hormone acts via second messengers
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peptide
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what maintains the resting potential of a cell
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Na/K pump
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glial cells of the CNS
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oligodendricytes
|
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what type of organism has no organized nervous system and can only respond to simple stimuli such as heat, light, and touch
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unicellular organisms (protozoa)
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nervous system of cnidarians
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nerve net
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network of nerve cells
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nerve net
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nervous system of earthworms
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primitive central nervous system
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|
the primitive central nervous system of earthworms includes:
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ventral nerve cord, anterior brain of fused ganglia
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|
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what is more specialized about arthropoda nervous sytems
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have sense organs
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neurons that carry infomation about environment to the brain
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afferent nuerons
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neurons that carry information from brain to organs
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effereent nuerons
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what does the CNS consist of
|
brain and spinal cord
|
|
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what are three function sof the brain
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interpret sensory info
form motor plans cognitive function |
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the outer portion of the brain
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gray matter
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gray matter contains
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cells bodies
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the inner portion of the brain
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white matter
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white matter contains
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myelinated axons
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|
|
three sections of the brain
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forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
|
|
|
two parts of the forebrain
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telencephalon and diencephalon
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|
|
the cerebral cortex is located in
|
the telencephalon of the forebrain
|
|
|
the cerebral cortex function
|
processes and integrates: sensory input
motor responses creatve thought/memory |
|
|
the olfactory bulb is located in
|
the forebrain
|
|
|
what does the diencephalon contain
|
hypothalamus and thalamus
|
|
|
relays and integrates information between cerebral cortex and spinal cord
|
thalamus
|
|
|
controls visceral functions such as hunger, thirst, sex drive, blood pressure
|
hypothalamus
|
|
|
Relay cneter for visual and auditory impulses as well as motor control
|
midbrain
|
|
|
three parts of the hindbrain
|
pons, medulla, cerebellum
|
|
|
modulates motor impulses initiated by the cerebral cortex
|
cerebellum
|
|
|
maintains balance
|
cerebellum
|
|
|
hand eye coordination
|
cerebellum
|
|
|
timing of rapid movements
|
cerebellum
|
|
|
relay between cortex and cerebellum
|
pons
|
|
|
controls vital functions: breathing heart rate and gastrointestinal activity
|
medulla
|
|
|
brainstem
|
midrain, pons, and medulla
|
|
|
sensory information enters the spinal cord through the
|
dorsal horn
|
|
|
sensory information exits the spinal cord through the
|
ventral horn
|
|
|
spinal cord function
|
integrates sensory info to the brain and motor info out of brain
|
|
|
components of peripheral nervous system
|
nerves and ganglia
|
|
|
the two divisions of the PNS
|
somatic and autonomic
|
|
|
responsible for skeletal muscle contraction and voluntary movement
|
somatic nervous system
|
|
|
repsonponsible for involunatry muscle contraction
|
autonomic nervous system
|
|
|
divisions of autonomic system
|
sympathetic and parasympathetic
|
|
|
flight or fight system
|
sympathetic
|
|
|
rest and digest
|
parasympathetic
|
|
|
primary neurotransmitter is norepinerphrine
|
sympathetic
|
|
|
primary neruotransmitter is acetylcholine
|
parasympathetic
|
|
|
inner most layer of the eye containing photoreceptors
|
retina
|
|
|
supplies retina with blood
|
choroid
|
|
|
transparent layer of eye that bends and focuses light
|
cornea
|
|
|
hole through which light enters eye
|
pupil
|
|
|
part of eye that focuses and image on retina
|
lens
|
|
|
iris
|
controls diamter of pupil
|
|
|
part of retina sensitive to color
|
cones
|
|
|
part of retina with low intensity vision
|
rods
|
|
|
rhodopsin in cones or rods?
|
rods
|
|
|
point at which optic nerve exits eye
|
blind spot
|
|
|
humor for shape of eye
|
vitreous humor
|
|
|
humor made by eye and exits thru ducts
|
aqeuous humor
|
|
|
what animals respire through simple diffusion
|
protozoa, hydra, cnidarians
|
|
|
what provides a mosit surface for gas exchange in annelids
|
mucus on the earthworms body
|
|
|
arthropod respiratory system
|
tracheae with branches that lead to all cells
|
|
|
tubes of the arthropod repiratory sytem open to the surface called
|
spiracles
|
|
|
spiracles allow removal of respiratory gases to occur via
|
simple diffusion
|
|
|
T/F - a carrier of oxygen is necessary for arthropod respiratory sytem
|
false
|
|
|
control of ventilation in humans is controlled by what part of the brain
|
medulla oblongata
|
