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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Peroxidase (Myeloperoxidase (MPO)) Principle
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Peroxidase found in granules of cells in myelocytic and monocytic cell lines plus H202 oxidizes a dye substrate creating a black-blue-brown precipitate
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MPO Interpretation
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Myeloperoxidase Interpretation
Cells Series Blast ------- Mature cells Myelocytic + ++ ++++ Monocytic + ++ +++ Lymphocytic = = = Erythrocytic = = = |
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Sudan Black B (SBB)
Principle |
Stains lipids such as sterols, neutral fats, and phospholipids. These lipids are found primaryly in granules of Neutrophils and Granulocytes.
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Esterases principle
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Esterases hydrolyzes an ester substrate. A naphthol compound is realeased and combines with a diazonium salt that precipitates.
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1. Specific Esterases
2. Non -specific Esterases 3. Combined Esterase |
1.Naphthol AS-D chloroacetate
Granulocyte esterase 2. Alpha-naphthyl acetate or alpha-naphthyl butyrate;monocytic cells are strongly positive and is inhibited with NaF;myelocytic cells may be weakly positive and remain weakly pos with NaF. |
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Periodic Acid Schiff Principle
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Periodic acid oxydizes glycogen, mucoproteins and other high molecular weight carbohydrates to aldehydes to turns "bright Pink". Pos. rxn means lymphocytic and erythrocytic cells. Neg. rxn in benign cells.
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PAS Interpretation
1.Useful in diagnosing both ___ and ___. 2.Look for a ____ appearance 3.Some lymphoblast of ALL may be _____negative. |
1.acute and chronic leukemias
2. chunky or block 3.PAS negative. |
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Leukocyte Alkaline Phospatase
LAP Principle |
Found in 2ndary granules of neutrophils
Substrate naphthol AS-BI phophate is hydrolyzed by LAP. The hydrolyzed substrate combines with a dye and precipitates (blue and black). |
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LAP interpretation
1.Used to investigate: 2.Neutrophils in leukomoid rxn are stimulated, Inc or Dec or LAP? |
1.a shift to the left.
Malignant granulocytes (CML) which causes decrease in LAP. Other causes of dec LAP: PNH; Sideroblastic anemia; Myeloproliferative disorder. |
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Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase Principle
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Acid phosphatase is present in all nonerythroid cells and hydrolyzes substrate naphthol AS-BI phosphoric acid. The hydrolized substrate couples with a dye to form a precipitate red. All normal isoenzymes of acid phospatase are inactivated by tartric acid and will not stain
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TRAP Interpretation
1.In ______ leukemia, isoenzyme # 5 is resistant to tartric acid and will stain 2.Useful for confirming ____ |
1. Hairy cell leukemia
2. Hairy cell leukemia |
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TDT Terminal deoxyribonucleotidal Transferase:
1.This is a specific cell marker that catalyzes the __________. 2.Not a cytochemical stain, its a ________ 3.positive in________ |
1.polymerization of deoxynucleotides found only in lymphocytic precursors.
2. immunofluorescent stain 3.lymphocytic leukocytes. |
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I.Myeloproliferative Disorders include:
II. Classifications: |
1.CML
2.Polycythemia Vera 3.Essiential (primary) Thrombosis 4. Agnogentic myeloid metaplasia. II. -Acute: acute lymphocytic leukemia -subacute: myelodysplastic syndromes -chronic: myeloproliferative disorders |
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Different Polycythemias are:
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1. Polycythemia vera=Malignant increase in red cell mass
2.Secondary Polycythemia= hypoxia 3. Relative Erythrocytosis=Decreasd Plasma volume |
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Myelodisplastic Syndromes
1.Previously called: 2._________abnormality 3.specific immunological marker for MDS? |
1.preleukemias
2.clonal of pluripotent stem cells 3. not been found |
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Myelodysplastic Syndromes Diagnostic Morphology:
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1.Dyserythropoeisis
2.Dysmehloporesis 3.Dysmegakarocytes: |
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FAB Classifications of Myleodysplastic Syndromes
1.RA |
Refractory Anemia:
1.WBC <3,900 2. iron stores increased 3.no ringed sideroblasts 4.rare blast in blood 5. Neutropenia and thrombocytopenia may be present. |
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RARS: Refractory Anemia with Ringed Sideroblast
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1.Similar to RA; >15% ringed sideroblast in BM; iron not incorporated properly
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RAEB: Refractory Anemia with Excess blast
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rbc, wbc and plt abnormalities appear;
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RAEB-T:Refractory Anemia with Excess blast in Transformation
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20 to 30% myeloblast in BM; >5% myeloblast in blood.
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