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52 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is kinship/descent?
a social group (kin group) composed of people defined (who recognize the same ancestor or group of ancestors
What are the types of Kinship?
1) unilinear
2) cognatic
Unilinear
defined as recognizing ancestors through a single line of descent (parental line)
-patrilineal
-matrilineal
Cognatic
Defined as tracing ancestry out through at web that doesn't create unilinear groups
- based on ancestry of both parents
The economy in anthropological terms
the economy is a system of ownership, consumption, distribution, and productivity of goods and services within and across society
Role material needs/goods play in the economy
goods = physical or material object that produces some benefit
at the heart of the economy is creation and pursuit of social and individual needs
role of social/relationships in the economy
the economy is a system of relationships based on trust in order to be successful
-social communication
Kula Exchange
Paupa New Guinea - system of exchanging non-use items (white and red shell necklaces) that enhance ones social status
-non monetary exchange
-example of house social status drives the economy it's dangerous and risky so it gives them prestige
-need to develop relationships in order to gain them
types of social relations in the economy
(1) Family - draw in extended family and relies on trust
(2) Guanxi - networks of non-kin friendships and trust
Embeddedness
All economies are embedded in legal, cultural, status, and political tradition of the societies in which they operate
Overseas Chinese Embedding
-extremely dynamic
- cannot rely on local and state governmet t back up contracts because it crosses state boundries and they are considered aliens
-so with the absence of a legal system embedded in the state they created the third largest economy in the world- they do it without a legal contract
Capitalism in the West
emerged in a peculiar legal environment and was a form of economic organization embedded in state-based law
Four Domains of the Economy
1) property
2) production
3) distribution
4) consumption
Property
the cultural rights for assigning rights of inclusion or exclusion in regards to use of goods and services
-rights of inclusion and exclusion for the use of goods and services
-the relationship between people and goods and services
-privately or publicly owned
-every system relies on system of private rights
Production
the transformation of resources and labor into useful goods and services
Distribution
The circulation of goods and services in a society
-market exchange
-social reciprocity
-redistribution
-theft
Consumption
the moment of use of a service or good
Market Exchange
exchange is regulated by the simple principles of supply and demand
Social Reciprocity
takes place in many areas other than a formal market
- trade of goods and services of equal value
*Kula Exchange*
Redistribution
a mode of distribution whereby goods are collected by a certain social authority then used by the social authority for some series of social ends
Theft
negative reciprocity
In what sense where hunters and gatherers the "original affluent society"
Although hunters and gathers consume less energy per capita per year than any other group of human beings, he believes the hunters were the first affluent society where all peoples wants and needs were easily satisfied because they could either produce a lot or require a little
How is status an economic intensifier?
people base status off of wealth. in order to demonstrate wealth one must consume more
*Kula Exchange*
*by attaining a good or service is like a social relationship by obtaining good through social communication
Characteristics of Bands
Small in size - largest 500
occupying common territories
no formal structure
Fighting- defending territory as best you can, if worst comes flee
Non stratisfied society (no formal leadership)
grew slowly because of population growth
Stratification
the degree of inequality shown in control of economic resources, prestige and power
- bands not stratisfied - very little inequality
Population Control
bands actively controlled population growth through abstinance, abortion, infanticide
-lower population growth in order to keep bands small and not grow over carrying capacity
What's the difference between a band and a tribe?
Tribe: a non-centralized political organization which unites a large number of residential groups and unites them for land management and defense
-they are much larger than bands, territories larger, circumscribed area, stay and defend large and better political organization than a band
Broad Spectrum Foraging
population growth in small habitats led to demoraphic pressure. The search for more food within these habitats forced frages to divesify the types of food sources harvested - broadening the subsistence base outward to include more fish small game etc and previously ignored plants
Chiefdom
a political organization where power is centralized in a chief and people are differentiated according to rank
Types of chiefdoms
simple
complex
Simple Chiefdom
system of power, ranking
Complex chiefdom
emergence of three characteristics of where human society is going to go
a) extensive formal command structure
b) economic redistribution is used to sustain things in power- distribution of labor
c)emergence of monumental architecture are present
Difference Between Tribe and Chiefdom
Tribe has no centralized political organization and they are unstratisfied meaning there is very little inequality in power. While chiefdom is based on a system of political power and authority where one person has more power than anybody else
What is the evolutionary tension in a Chiefdom?
The way in which citizenship is taught is still kinship based ( the chief is kin with everyone in society). This keeps the langauge of politics in the same frame of most of modern human history, yet they differentiate people with power and ranks. Here there is tension because as you press people to produce more resources for the chief you risk undermining the entire kin social contract.
When and where did the first states appear?
About 5,500 years ago
Sumer - Mesopotamia
Egyptian State
Chinese State- yellow River
Indian state- Indus River
Two views of the origin of a state
pessimistic view: there is warfare, famine and population displacement in the origin of state
Positive development: states bring acceleration of pace of technological development - opportunities for mobility- first religions
5 Main social characteristics of early agrarian state:
1. Productivity- massive surpluses and taxation to support non-agriculturalists
2. Development of writing - to record tax records
3. Monumental architechture - temples and pyramids to show wealth
4. Ruler defined as God (early)- severing of kinship bond
5. Masses of slaves (with slaves become multiethnic society)
States truly the first "plural societies"
Slavery created a a multiethnic society
creation of multi-ethnic, multi-cultural societies
babble of languages of cultures mixed together
Characteristics of the political geography of the Old World
1. Compartimentalized, circumscribed agricultural zones
2. grasslands and deserts had substantial populations of nomadic cultures
3. difficult interaction between nomads and states
4. exception: China and western Europe mountains give protection
In what way was China the most enduring empire the world has ever seen?
Longest standing empire and most populous and wealthy
What made China so enduring?
1. Extremely productive irrigation agriculture
2. Han ethnicization
3. Role of the Madarians
Han ethnicization
Han maintained a sense of themselves. Ethnic homogenization: they wanted all citizens to become Han. Becoming Han doesn't bring about a common language but you share an identity - this unites the people
Role of the Madarians in Chinese Empire
shared common writing system of mandarin. Mandarians maintained identification with center which allowed people to realign themselves with a broader empire
-literate state beauracracy
In 1400 how did the West compare to the ottoman empire and China in terms of population
The Western population was significantly smaller
What is a madrasa?
boarding school for intermediate and adavanced study in Islamic Knowledge
Preserved Greek classics and studied math, astronomy, and the natural sciences
provided common education culture and shared world view
Madrasas role in creation of a University
west borrowed the idea of the institution and created the university
fall of madrasas
due to decline of interest in scholarly studies while western universities took the idea of madrasa but taught more attainable and useful curriculum
Characteristics of Western Europe
1. Rain-fed agriculture
- rich soil over vast area
-high human to livestock ratio
2. political multicentrism
- multiple river valleys
- multiple parties
3. Towns develop due to population growth
4. creates new balance of power
- kings
5. Military technology
6. Knowledge - modern university
Religion
is a set of symbols and practices, which relate humans to ultimate conditions of meaning by way of some kind of interaction with super natural beings or states of beings
Ritual
the performance of a more or less invariant interaction ceremony with extraordinary super natural beings or states of being
prehistoric human societies
religious characteristics
1. Monism- believe in juse one world and this is it
2. world affirming - there is no separation from this world and another
3. rituals concerned with here an now (harmony, health, well being)
4. Religious community and society are one
Earlier Agrarian states
religious characteristics
1. Dualistic - there is really two realities
2. Internalize dualism into personal identity- they split identity (one is flawed and corrupt and the other is something elevated)
3. Emphases on the macro- create cosmos for all or perhaps a large part of humanity
4. Devote great resources to developing resources, institutions, scriptures, to be the religious property to all the believe