Cultural Anthropology (Ferraro) Chapter 4,5,6

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American Historicism(Particularism)

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Lead by Franz Boas, a school of anthropology prominent at the beginning of the twentieth century that insisted upon the collection of ethnographic information (through fieldwork) prior to make cross-cultural generalizations.

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Cultural ecology

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an approach to the study of anthropology that assumes that people who reside in similar environments are likely to develop similar technologies.

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Diffusionism

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assumes that there are a few cultures that all other cultures at one time branched off from

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evolutionism

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the nineteenth-century school of cultural anthropology, represented by Tylor and Morgan, that attempted to explain variations in world cultures by the single deductive theory that they all pass through a series of evolutionary stages.

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functionalism

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a theory of social stratification holding that social stratification exists because it contributes to the overall well-being of a society.

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structural functionalism

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a school of cultural anthropology, associated most closely with Radcliffe-Brown that examined how parts of a culture function for the well-being of the society.

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fieldwork

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the practice in which an anthropologist is immersed in the daily life of a culture in order to collect data and test cultural hypotheses.

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genealogy

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(genealogical method) a technique of collecting data in which the anthropologist writes down all the kin relationships of informants in order to study the kinship system

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informant

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a person who provides information about his or her culture to the ethnographic fieldworker.

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participant-observation

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a field-work observation method in which the cultural anthropologist lives with the people under study and observes their daily activities.

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quantitative methods

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Quantitative research uses methods adopted from the physical sciences that are designed to ensure objectivity, generalizability and reliability.

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qualitative methods

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Qualitative research methodologies are designed to provide the researcher with the perspective of target audience members through immersion in a culture or situation and direct interaction with the people under study. Qualitative methods used in social marketing include observations, in-depth interviews and focus groups

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phoneme

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the smallest sound contrasts in a language that distinguish meaning.

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morpheme

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the minimal linguistic forms that (usually words) that convey meaning

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bound morpheme

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a morpheme that can only convey meaning when combined with another morpheme (i.e. ing, ed )

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displacement

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the ability to talk about things that are removed from time and space.

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free morpheme

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a morpheme that has meaning on its own.

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closed system of communication

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communication system in which the user cannot create new sounds or words by combining two or more existing sounds or words.

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open system of communcation

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system of communication in which the user can create new sounds or words by combining two or more existing sounds or words.

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phonology

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the study of a language's sound system

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grammar

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the systematic way sounds are combined in language to allow users to send and receive meaningful utterances.

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diglossia

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the situation in which two forms of the same language are spoken by people in the same language community depending on the social situation.

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cultural emphasis of language

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the idea that the vocabulary in any language tends to emphasize words that are adaptively important in that culture.

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code switching

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the practice of using different languages or forms of a language depending on the social situation.

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dialect

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regional or class variations of a language that are sufficiently similar to be mutually intelligible.

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nonverbal communications

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the various means by which humans send and receive messages without using words.

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syntax

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the linguistic rules found in all languages, that determine how phrases and sentences are constructed.

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Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

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the notion that a person's language shapes her or his perceptions and view of the world.

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Components of culture

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material objects
ideas, values, attitudes,
behavior patterns