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181 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Holistic/holism
In anthropology an approach that consdiers culture, history, language, and biology essential to a complete understaning of human society.
Society
A group of people who depend on one another for survival or well-being as well as the relationship amoung such people, including their status and roles.
Culture
The learned behaviors and symbols that allow people to live in groups. The primary means by which humans adapt to their environment. The way of life characteristics of a particular human society.
Cultural anthropology
The study of numan thought, meaning, and behavior that is learned rather than gentically transmitterd,a nd that is typical of groups of people.
Ethnohistory
Description of the cultural past based on written records, interviews, and arhceology.
Linguistic anthropology
A branch of linguistics concerned with understanding language and its relation to culture
Hisorical linguists
Study realtionships amoun languages to better understant the histories and migrations of those who speak them.
Archeology
The subdisciline of anthropology that focuses on the reconstrucion of past cultures based on their material remains
prehistoric
societies for which we have no usable written records
features
artifacts that cannot easily be moved, such as ruins of buildings, burials,and fire pits
urban archaeology
The archaeological investiation of current-day cities
cultural resource management
the protections and management of archaeological, archival, and architectural resources
biologial anthropology
the subdiscipline of anthrpology that studies people feoma biological persepective, focsuing primarily on aspects of humankind that are gentically inheritied. It includes osteology, nutrition, demography, epidemiology, and primatology.
paleoanthropolgy
The subdiscipline of anthropolgy concerned with tracing the evolution of humankind int he fossil record
Human variation
the subdiscipline of anthropolgy concerned with mapping and explaining physical differences amoung modern human groups
primate
A member of a bilogical order or mammals that includs human beings, apes and monkeys as well as prosimians
applied antrhopolgy
The application of anthropology to the slution of human problems
indigenous peoples
Groups of people who have occupied a region for a long time and are recognised by other groups as its original inhabitants. indeigenous peoples ar often minorities with little influence in the govt of the nation-state that controls their land
medical anthropolgy
the study of illness and health across cultures. the application an ethnographic and holistic perspective to the provision of health care services
forensic anthropoligy
the application of biologial anthropolgy to the identification of skeletlized of badly decomposed human remains
ethnocentrism
judging other cultures from th perspective of ones own culture. the notion that ones own culture is more beatutiful, rational, and nearer to perfection than any other
anomie
a situation where social or moral norms are confused or entirely absent; often caused by rapid social change
racism
the belief that some human populations are superior to other because of inherited, gentically transmimtted characteristics
biopsychological equality
the notion that all human groups have the same bioligical and mental capabilities
cultural relativism
the notion that a culture should not be judged or evaluation accoring to the values of another culture. they must be analyzed with reference to their own histories and culture traits understood in terms of the culture whole.
emic
examining society using concepts, categories, and distinctions that are meaningful to member of that culture
INSIDE
etic
examining society using concepts, categores, and rules dervied from science; an outsiders perspective which produces analyses that members of the society being studied may not find meaningful
OUTSIDE
ethnography
the major research tool of cultural anthropolgy; includes both fieldwork amoung people in a society and the written results of fieldwork
fieldwork
the firsthand, systematic exploration of a society. it involves living with a group of people and participating in and oberving their behavior
participant-obeservation
the fieldwork technique that involves gathering cultural data by observing peoples behavior and participating in their lives
consultant
a person from who anthropolgists gather data
key consultant
a person particurally knowledgable about his or her culture who is a moajor source of the anthropologists information
genealogy
a family history; a chart of family relatinships
positivism
a philosophical system concerned with positive facts and phenomena and excluding speculation on origins or ultimate causes
empirical science
an approach to understanding phenomena based on attempts to observe and record a presumed objective reality
ethonographic method
the intensive study of a particular society and culture as the baiss for generating anthropological theory
postmodernism
a theoretial perspective focusing on issues of power and voice. postmodernists sugges that anthropolical accounts are partial truths reflecting the background, training, and social position of their authors.
androcentric bias
the distortion in theory and ethnography caused by excessive focus on male activiities or male perceptions of female activities
cross-cultural survey
a research method that uses statistical correlations of traits from many different cultures to thest generalization about culture and human behavior
human relations area file
an thornographics databased including cultural descriptions of more than 300 cultures
random sample
a selection of items from a total set, chosen on a random or unbiased, basis
native anthropologist
an anthro who does filedwork in his or her own culture
collaborative ethnography
ethnography that gives priority to cultural consultants on the topic, methdology, and written results of ethnogrpahic reserach
symbol
something that stasnds for something else; central to culture
culture and personality theorists
anthros who examine the theoretical perspective that focuses on culture as the principla force in shaping the typical personality of a society as well as on the role of personality in the maintenance of cultural instituions
ethnoscience
a theoretial approach that focuses on the ways in which members of a culture cassify their wolrd and holds that anthro should be the study of cutural systems of classification
cognitive anthro
a theoretical approach that defines culture in terms of the rules and meanings underlying human behavior, rahter than behavior itself
ethnobotany
an thro discipline devoted to describing the ways in which different cultures classify plants
ethnomedicine
an anthro discipline devoted to desribing the medical systems of different cultures
structural anthro
a theoretical perspective that holds that all cultures reflect similiar deep, underlying patterns and that anthropolgists should attempt to decipher these patterns
interpretive anthro
a theoretical approach that emphasizes that culture as a system of meaning and proposes that the aim of cultural anthropolgy is to interpret the meanings that cultural acts have for their participants
functionalism
the anthro theory that specific cultural institutions function to support the structure of society or serve the needs of individuals in society
ecological functionalism
a theor persp that holds that the ways in which cultural insitutions work can best be understood by examining their effects on the environment
cultural materialism
a theor approach that holds that the primary task of anthro is to account for the similarities and differences amoung cultures and that his can best be done by studying the material constraints towhich human existence is subject
neo-evolutionism
a theor persp concerned with the historical change of culture from small-sclae societie to extremely large-scale societies
norm
an ideal cultural pattern that influences behavior in a society
value
a culturally defined idea of what is true, right, and beautiful
subculture
a system of perceptions, values, beliefs, and customs that are signinficantly different from those of a larger dominatn culture within the same society
neo-maxism
a theor persp concerned with applying the insights of marxist thought to anthro; eno-marxists modify marxist analysis to make it appropriate to the investigation of small-scale, western societies
feminist anthro
a theor persp tha focuses on describing and explaining the social roles of women
adaptation
a change in the bilogical structure of life ways of an individual or population by which it becomes better fitted to survive and reproduce in its environment
plasticity
the ability of humans to change their behavior in repsonse to a wide range of environmental demands
cultural ecology
a theor approach that regards cultural patterns as adaptive responses to the basic problems of human survival and reproduction
sociobilogy
a theor persp tha explores the relationship between human cultural behavior and genetics
innovation
a new variation on an existing cutlural pattern that is subsequently accepted by other members of the society
diffusion
the spread of cultural elements from one culture to another through cultural contact
communication
the act of transmitting information
call system
the form of communication amoung nonhuman priamtes composed of a limited number of sounds that are tied to specific stimuli in the environment
blending
the combination of two calls to produce a new call; hypothesized early phase in language evolution
prelanguage
a language of human ancestors consiting of blended sounds; a hypotehsized phase in the evolotion of language
dualtiy of patterning
the ability to produce arrangments of blended sounds; the hypothesized second step in the evolution of language
conventionality
the notion that, in human language, words are only arbitrarily or conventionallt connected to the things for which they stand
productivity
the idea that humans can combine words and sounds into new, meaningful utterances they have never heard before
displacment
the capacity of all human languages to describe things not happening in the present
universal grammer
a basic set of principles, conditions and rules that underlie all languages
descriptive or structural linguistics
the study and anlysis of the strcuture and content of particuler languages
phonology
the sound system of a language
morphology
a system for creating words from sounds
syntax
the part of grammer that has to do with arranement of words to form phrases and sentences
semantics
the subsystem of a language that relates words to meaning
phone
a sound made by humans and used in any language
international phonetic alphabet
a system of wiring designed to represent all the sounds used in different languages of the world
phoneme
the smallest significatn unit of sound in a language. a phonemic system is the second system of a language
standard spoken american english
the form of english spoken by most of the american middle class
allophones
2 or more different phones that can be used to make the same phoneme in a specific language
morpheme
the smallest unit of language that has a meaning
bound morpheme
a unit of meaning that must be associated with another
free morpheme
a unit of meaning tha tmay stand alone as a word
word
the smallest part of a sentence that can be said alone and still retain its meaning
isolating language
a language with relatively few morephemes per word, and fairly simple rules for combining them.
agglutinating language
a language that allows a great number of morphemes per word and has highly regular rules for combining them
synthetic language
a language that has words with great many morphemes and complex, highly irregular rules for their combination
lexicon
total stock of words in a language
sociolinguistics
specialization within anthropological linguistics that focuses on speech performance
dialect
grammatical constructions that deviate from those used by the socially dominant group in a society
pidgin
language of contact and trade composed of features of the original lanuages or two or more societies
creole
first language that is composed of elements of two or more different languages
African American Vernacular English
form of english spoken by many afro amer particullarly among those of working or urban working class
ebonics
see african america vernacular englush
black english vernacular
same as ebonics and afro amer vernacular eng
code switching
ability of individuals who speak multiple languages to move seemlessly between them
Sapir Whorf Hypothesis
hypothesis that perceptions and understandings of time, space, and matter are conditioned by the structure of language
haptics
analysis and study of touch
chronemics
study of the different ways that cultures understand time and use it to communicate
proxemics
study of the cultural use of interpersonal space
kinesics
study of body position, movement, facial expressions and gaze
historical linguistics
branch of linguistics concerned with discovering the histories of languages
comparative linguistics
the science of documenting the relationships between languages and grouping them into language familes
core vocabulary
list of 100 or 200 terms that designate things, actions, and activities, likely to be named in all the world's languages
glottochronology
statistical technique that linguists have developed to estimate the date of separation of related languages
kinship system
totality of kin relations, kin groups, and terms for classifying kin in a society
kinship terminology
words used to identify different categories of kin in a particular culture
genitor
biological father
pater
socially designated father of a child who may or may not be the biological father
affinal
relations by marriage
succession
transfer of office or social position between generations
descent
culturally established affiliation between a child and one or both parents
descent group
group of kin who are descendents of a common ancestor, extending beyong 2 generations
unilineal descent
rule specifying that membership in a descent group is based on links through either the maternal or the paternal line but not both
patrilineal descent
rule that affliates a person to kin of both sexes related through males only
matrilineal descent
rule that affliates a person to kin of both sexes related through females only
lineage
group of kin whose members trace descent from a known common ancestor
patrilineage
lineage formed by descent in the male line
matrilineage
lineage formed by desecnt in the female line
clan
unilineal kinship group whose members believe themselves to be descended from a common ancestor but who cannot trace this link through known relatives
phratry
unilineal descent group composed of a number of clans whose members feel themselves to be closely related
totem
an animal, plant or other aspect of the natural world held to be ancestral or to have other intimate relationshops with members of a group
double descent
tracing of descent through both matrilineal and patrilineal links each of which is used for different purposes
nonunilineal descent
any system of descent in which both father's and mother's lineages have equal claim to the individual
cognatic descent
any nonunilineal system of descent
bilateral descent
system of descent under which individuals are equally affiliated with their mothers' and their fathers' descent group
kindred
unique kin network made up of all the people related to a specfic individual in a bilateral kinship system
rammage
kinship group produced by an ambilineal descent system
ambilineal descent
form of bilateral descent in which an individual may choose to affiliate with either the fathers or mothers descent group
lineal kin
blood relations linked through descent, such as ego, egos mother, egos grandmother, and egos daughter
collateral kin
kin descended from a common ancestor but not in direct ascendent or descentdent line such as siblings and cousins
consanguity
blood ties between people
bifurcation
principle of classifing kin under which different kinship terms are used for the mothers side of the family and the fatehrs side of the family
sex
the biological difference between male and female
gender
cultural construction that makes biological and physicla differences into socially meaningful categories
cultural construction of gender
idea that gender characteristics are the result of historical, economic, and political forces acting within each culture
xanith
an alternative gender role in the Oman on the Saudi Arabian peninsula
two-spirit rule
an alternative gender rold in native norht america
mahu
alternative gender role in tahiti
hijra
alternative gender role in India conceptualized as neither man nor woman
rite of passage
ritual that moves an individual from one social status to another
menarche
woman's first menstruation
manhood puzzle
question of why in almost all cultures masculinity is viewed not as a natural state but as a problematic status to be won through overcoming obstacles
machismo
cultural construction of hypermasculinity as essential to the male gender role
gender role
cultural expectations of men and women in a particular society, including division of labor
gender hierarchy
the ways in which gendered activities and attributes are differentially valued and related to the distribution of resources, prestige, and power in a society
private/public dichtomy
gender system in which womens status is lowered by their almost exclusive cultural identification with the home and children whereas men are identified with public, prestigious, economic and political roles
incest taboo
prohibition on sexual relations between relatives
exogamy
rule specifying that a person must marry outside a particular group
endogamy
rule prescribing that a person must marry within a particular gorup
cross cousins
children of parents siblings of the opposite sex (mothers brothers, fathers sisters)
parallel cousins
children of a parents same sex siblings (mothers sisters, fathers brothers)
levirate
custom whereby a man marries the widow of a desceased brother
sororate
custom whereby when a mans wife dies her sister is given to him as a wife
monogamy
a rule that permits a person to be marrie to only one spouse at a time
polygamy
rule allowing more than one spouse
polygyny
rule permitting a man to have more than one wife at a time
polyandry
rule permitting a woman to have more than one husband at a time
sororal polygyny
from of polygyny in which a man marries sisters
fraternal polyandry
custom whereby a woman marries a man and his brothers
arranged marriage
process by which senior family members exercise a great degree of control over the choice of their children's spouse
bride service
cultural rule that a man must work for his bride's family for a variable length of time either before or after the marriage
bridewealth
goods presented by the grooms kin to the brides kin to legitimize a marriage
dowry
presentaion of goods by the brides kin to the family of the groom or to the couple
nuclear family
family organized around the conjugal tie and consisiting of a husband a wife and their children
conjugal tie
relationship between a husband and a wife formed by marriage
extended fmaily
family based on blood relations extending over three or more generations
consanguineal
related by blood
domestic group
persons living in the same hosue usually but not always members of a family
neolocal residence
system under which a couple establishes an independent household after marriage
patrilocal residence
system under which a bride lives with her husband's family after marriage
composite family
an aggregate of nuclear families linked by a common spouse
stem family
nuclear family with a dependent adult added on
matrilocal residence
system under which a husband lives with his wifes family after marriage
avuncolocal residence
system under which a married couple lives with the husband's mother's brother
bilocal residence
system under which a married couple has the choice of living with the husband's or the wife's family