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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what is functional morphology?
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being able to determine the function of a cell based upon the number and kinds of organelles present in the cell
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all organelles are delimited by ____ membrane, except in the case of the ______ and the ______, which each have 2 membranes.
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1; mitochondrion, nucleus
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the characteristics of each organelle are defined, in large part, by which constituents?
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protein
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how many subunits compose a ribosomes? where are the subunits assembled?
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2; nucleolus
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what are polysomes?
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groups of ribosomes which perform translation at the same time.
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free ribosomes create proteins which have where as their final destination?
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intracellular
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what are 4 examples of proteins produces by free ribosomes?
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1) soluble enzymes in the cytosol
2) nuclear enzymes 3) proteins for the replacement or repair of cell organelles 4) unique components of new plasma membranes |
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proteins synthesized on ribosomes located on RER are destined where? how do they get there?
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outside the cell, plasma membrane, lysosome ; exocytosis
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in which location, free ribosomes or on RER, are lysosomal proteins produced?
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RER
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in which location, free ribosomes or on RER, are majority of new plasma membrane proteins created?
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RER
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with what are proteins tagged for their final destination?
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signal peptide
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for a translated polypeptide to enter ER, which factors must be involved? through which of these does the peptide enter the ER? what energy molecule facilitates this process?
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SRP (signal recognition protein), SRP receptor protein, and transcolon apparatus; transcolon apparatus; GTP
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to what does SRP bind?
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signal peptide
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is GTP needed to open translocon apparatus? if not, how it is used?
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no; used to dissociate SRP and receptor from translocon.
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signal peptide is eventually cleaved by which protein?
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signal peptidase
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is the folding of a protein into secondary, tertiary, and quartenary structure energetically favorable or unfavorable?
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favorable (spontaneous)
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what kind of proteins are sometimes involved in the proper folding of a protein?
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chaperone proteins
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which ER, rough or smooth, has a lamellated appearance, like pita bread?
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rough
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what is the main role of the RER?
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protein synthesis
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what is the principle type of protein found in RER (not a protein product but part of RER function)?
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chaperone proteins
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which post-translational modification is performed in the RER?
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N-linked glycosylation
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which, the RER or smooth ER, exhibits a tubuvascular morphology?
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Smooth ER
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what are 5 cellular processes in which SER plays a very important role and in which kind of cells do these processes take place?
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1) glycogen metabolism (liver/muscle)
2) detox via p450 complex (liver) 3) Ca storage (skeletal/cardiac muscle) 4) lipid metabolism (all cells) 5) steroid metabolism (adrenal glands, ovary, testes) |
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following protein synthesis and glycosylation in the RER, where does the nascent protein travel?
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Golgi apparatus
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with what protein are vesicles leaving the RER coated with, as they are shipped to the Golgi?
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COPII
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at which end of the Golgi do proteins arrive from the RER?
at which end are they shipped off? |
cis-Golgi; trans-Golgi
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what is the name for the 'distribution center' in the Golgi?
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trans-Golgi network (TGN)
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what kind of system is most likely used for getting proteins to their extracellular targets?
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receptor/ligand-like interactions
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how do protein vesicles travel from RER to cis-Golgi network?
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via microtubules with motor proteins
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with what are vesicles from Golgi to ER coated?
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COPI
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with what are vesicles from ER to Golgi coated?
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COPII
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what information does an abundance of mitochondria give us about a cell?
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high metabolic requirements, active cell.
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what is the average width of mitochondria?
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.5 micons
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how many domains do mitochondria have? what are they?
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4; outer membrane, inner membrane, intramembrane space, matrix
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what is the name for the folds formed by the inner mitochondrial membrane?
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cristae
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how many moles of ATP are produces from 1 mole of glucose?
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36-38 moles
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are mitochondria capable of dividing?
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yes, independent of cell cycle.
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what is the average diameter of a peroxisome?
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.2-1 microns
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in which kind of oxidation are peroxisomes involed?
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fatty acid (beta) oxidation
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where are small fatty acids metabolized?
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mitochondrion
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where is the difference between fatty acids metabolized in mitochondrion and peroxisome?
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mitochondrion metabolizes smaller FA's and peroxisome oxidized larger FA's
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which class of enzymes plays an active role in the breakdown of fatty acids and peroxides in the peroxisome?
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catalases and oxidases
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which marker in peroxisomes is useful in distiguishing the organelle from others in the cell?
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catalases
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which important phospholipid, which is found in myelin, is produced in the peroxisomes?
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plasmalogens
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proteasomes are the sites of destruction for which molecules?
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proteins
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with what are materials destined for proteasomes tagged?
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ubiquitin
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why do many peroxisomal diseases often lead to neurological disorders?
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defects in plasmalogen production can have a profound impact on the workings of the nervous system.
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do proteasomes degrade primarily endogenous or exogenous proteins? by what are the others digested?
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endogenous; lysosomes
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how many proteasomes are present in the average cell? how many proteases are present in each of these proteasomes?
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20-30k proteasomes; 30 proteases.
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hematoxylin has a positive or negative charge? is it basic or acidic? what color does it stain?
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positive; basic; purple/blue
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acidophilic substances are substances that have an affinity for which stain?
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eosin
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what are 3 general functions of organelles in animal cells?
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1) congregate enzymatic reactions
2) segregate competing metabolic processes 3) separate harmful products from rest of cell |
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RER
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what is the organelle pictured here?
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polysomes
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what is depicted in this image?
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what are the 3 possible destinations for proteins produced in the RER and processed in the Golgi?
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secretory vesicle, membrane vesicle, storage vesicle (lysosome)
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which of the cytoskeletal element are important in the integrity of RER and Golgi?
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microtubules
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Golgi apparatus
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which organelle is dipicted in this image?
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inactive due to lack of vesicles at TGN.
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is this image an active or inactive form of Golgi? how do you know?
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trans-Golgi Network (TGN)
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which part of the cell does this image represent?
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what is the difference between constitutive and non-constitutive protein formation?
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constitutive proteins are released into extracellular environment in a non-discriminatory fashion. non-constitutive proteins wait for a signal to release to the outside.
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SER
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which organelle is depicted here?
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are all organelles inherited from the mother's egg or father's sperm?
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mother's egg
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which organelles are involed in the detox of ethanol, phenol, and formaldehyde?
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peroxisomes
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what percentage of all fatty acids are metabolized by mitochondria?
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75%
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how many enzymes are present in the average peroxisome?
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around 50
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what is the name for the disorder in which an organelle's function affects neurological function? which organelle is damaged in this case?
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Zelwegger's syndrome; peroxisome
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what is the width of a ribosome?
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25nm
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via which pathways are Golgi vesicles marked for export to lysosomes?
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mannose-6-phosphate pathway (m6p)
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which products are created de novo in the Golgi?
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proteoglycans
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what percentage of misfolded proteins are tagged with ubiquitin?
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90%
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which disease linked to emphysema is linked to protein cloggage in the ER?
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a-1 anti-trypsin deficiency
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