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229 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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First region to develop appellation rules |
Châteauneuf du Pape, 1920s |
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Mediterranean coast of France has how much of France's vineyards |
About half |
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Impact of Vosges Mountains on winegrowing |
Barrier to storms coming from the west shields Alsace, which therefore is warmer and drier (with wines that can be higher in alcohol) than Chablis or Champagne at about the same latitude |
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Major white grapes of France (7) |
1. Ugni Blanc (trebbiano more than 200k acres, third overall. used for brandy) 2. Chardonnay (leading white of Burg and Champ, but more plantings by vol in Lang-Rous) 3. Sauvignon blanc ( leading white grape of Bordeaux and Loire) 4. Melon de Bourgogne (W. Loire Valley only) 5. Sémillon (bordeaux and SW, mostly for sweet) 6. Chenin blanc (Loire's anjou-samur and Touraine, wide range of styles) 7. Muscat (mostly S of France, used commonly in vin doux fortifieds) |
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Major red grapes of France (11) |
1. Merlot (most planted, nearly 250k acres) 2. Cabernet Sauvignon 3. Cabernet Franc (can tolerate cooler climate of Loire, minor in Bdx) 4. Grenache (S of France, needs warm climate) 5. Syrah (warm climate, strong association with N Rhone) 6. Pinot noir (mainly Burg and Champ, minor in Loire and Alsace) 7. Carignan (warm S of France variety) 8. Gamay (Beaujolais, also sm amt in cool areas like Loire) 9. Cinsault (Cinsaut): S of France blending grape 10. Pinot Meunier (Champagne's other red grape) 11. Mourvédre (S of France) |
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Organization that governs French wine laws |
Institut National de l'Origine et de la Qualité (new name, still goes by acronym INAO) |
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French Wine Categories |
Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée (AOP/AOC) Vin de Pays (IGP/PGI) Vin de Table (Vin) |
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vin de table/ vin |
Can come from anywhere in France, very few regs apart from health/safety/trade. Can be "vin de France" if all from France |
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PGI catgories in France |
Vin de Pays- can be labels with EU PGI, traditional name, or "IGP- vin de pays" 3 categories: regional, departmental, and zone (6 regional categories, most well known is Pays d'Oc, the W. med coast) 52 departmenal, and 90+ zone |
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IGP/PGI/Vin de Pays wine must have what % of grape listed on label |
85% |
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AOC |
Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée
AOC is the traditional name, replaced in part by Appellation d'Origine Protégée (AOP), which is the EU name for the highest wine tier |
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#AOCs, % of wine produced by them |
Over 300, producing about half the wine of France |
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Nested AOCs |
Appellations are often nested within each other. Generally smaller more specific AOCs have higher standards. Regional AOC>>District>>Communal/village/parish>>vineyard/single estate |
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Approximate acreage of vines in Bordeaux |
300,000 acres |
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% of AOC production Bordeaux is responsible for |
1/4 = 61 million cases of wine/year |
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Rivers of Bordeaux |
Two rivers, Garonne and Dordogne, meet to form the Gironde, a long estuary that flows into the Atlantic. The rivers demarcate major sections of Bdx. |
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Left Bank: river boundaries |
Left bank is to the west of Gironde & Garrone |
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Right Bank: river boundaries |
Right bank to the east and north of the Dordogne and Gironde |
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Bordeaux region between the Dordogne and Gironde rivers |
Entre-deux-mers |
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City of Bordeaux is on what bank? |
Left |
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Name of the area of the left bank north of the city of Bordeaux |
Médoc |
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Name of the area on the left bank to the south west of the city of Bordeaux |
Graves |
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Main city on the Right bank of the Dordogne |
Libourne |
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Climate of Bordeaux |
Maritime (close to Atlantic), with Gulf Stream influence, but the Landes Forest along the west coast helps to temper some of the extremes |
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What percent of Bordeaux is planted with red grapes |
89% |
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What percent of Bordeaux is planted with white grapes |
11% |
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Leading Grape of Bordeaux |
Merlot. Especially dominant in the right bank and entre-deux-mers |
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Second most widely planted grape of bordeaux |
Cabernet Sauvignon, esp along left bank |
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Third most widely planted grape of Bordeaux |
Cabernet Franc |
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Allowed red grapes of Bordeaux (6) |
Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Malbec, Petit Verdot, Carmenére |
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Allowed white grapes of Bordeaux (6) |
Sauvignon blanc, Sémillon (major) Muscadelle (minor, sometimes added for floral notes) Colombard, Ugni blanc, and Merlot blanc (very rare but allowed) |
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Is more Sémillon or Sauvignon Blanc grown in Bordeaux? |
Sémillon (17,000 acres, vs 12,000 for sauvignon blanc) |
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Claret |
British term for red Bordeaux wine |
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Rosés and Crémants in Bordeaux |
Rosé: Allowed under the regional "Bordeaux" appellation Crémant: Allowed under " Crémant de Bordeaux" and "Côtes de Bourg" appellations Rare and mainly for local consumption |
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Dry white Bordeaux wines mainly come from |
Entre-deux-mers, but some of the best come from Graves (Passac-Léognan in particular). Some of the top tier whites are oak aged, though in moderation |
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The vast majority of entre-deux-mers is only under what appellation? |
Bordeaux AOC |
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Anatomy of the Médoc appellations |
Médoc and haut-Médoc district appellations 6 communal AOCs (Pauillac, St. Julien, Margaux, St. Estéphe, Moulis, Listrac-Médoc) |
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Graves |
Appellations: Graves (Red and white) Graves Supérieures (sweet white) Pessac-Lógnan (red and white) Barsac (sweet white) Cérons (sweet white) Sauternes (sweet white) |
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Libourne Area (Right bank) appellations (10 % of production) |
Fronsac Canon-Fronsac Lalande-de-Pomerol Pomerol St. Émilion St. ÉmilionGrand Cru 4 satellites of St. Émilion |
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Satellites of St. Émilion (4) |
Lussac-Saint-Émilion, Montagne-Saint-Émilion, Puisseguin-Saint-Émilion, Saint-Georges-Saint-Émilion |
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Entre-deux-mers sub- appellations |
Cadillac Côtes de Bordeaux St. Macaire Graves-de-Vayres Loupiac Ste. Croix-du-Mont Ste.-Foy-Bordeaux Bordeaux-haut-Benauge |
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Château
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castle or grad manor, most famous wine producers in the médoc built on properties. Over time, used as a term for any Bordeaux wine estate |
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négociant
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middlemen who buy juice or wine from numerous small farms and blend it under their own label. In Bordeaux, négociants played a primary role and even the famous chateaux would sell to them, but this role has diminished to a degree. |
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en primeur
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means of selling wine in Bordeaux, sold several years before actual wine is bottled and drinkable. Provides cash flow to the producers, price break for brokers and retailers. |
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Classification of 1855 |
Ranking based on market price of wines at the time as a proxy for quality. Right bank wines did not command the same price and were left out of the ranking. 6 red wines subdivided into 5 crus (growths), Sweet wines also ranked |
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First Growths (4 +1)
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Lafite-Rothschild Latour Margaux Mouton-Rothschild added in 1973 (still the only promotion in rankings to date) |
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1855 Classification- Sweet Wines
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11 first growths 1 first superior growth (d'Yquem) |
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Super-Seconds
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In Bordeaux, Châteaux that have achieved price levels on par with first growths and would likely be elevated if Classification were to be redone
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Classified growths: Chateau or Vineyard
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Ranking is for the Chateau, and they can expand their holdings and can still be ranked. Branding more important than terrior in this regard. |
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Classification for Graves
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--16 properties ranked for white and/or red wine --Only one level: cru classé --Haut-Brion, only Graves to be in 1855, ranked here as well |
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St. Émilion Classification Dates
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--Only classification system on the right bank --Est. 1954, requires reclassification every 10 yrs --New system in 2010, with list published in 2012 but challenged legally --Two categories: grand cru classé (great classified growth) premier cru classé (first great) -> highest |
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St. Émilion Classification Levels
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--Two categories: grand cru classé (great classified growth) premier cru classé (first great) -> highest --Premier cru classé split into A and B sub-classes Four Chateau in Premier cru classé A: Cheval Blanc, Angélus, Pavie, Ausone |
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Cru Bourgeois
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Bordeaux Classification* that lists the best Chateaux excluded from the 1855 classification. First ranked in 1932 and renewed every 10 years, *2003 controversy led to annulment of classification, only to be renewed in 2008, but as a consortium of producers more than a classification. May change back as there is a goal to have new classification in 2016 |
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Cru Artisan
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Reviewed every 10 years |
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Longest River in France |
Loire |
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Proprotion of Loire Wine produced at AOC level |
3/4 of 45 million case total production |
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Origin of Loire River
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In Massif Central in heart of France
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Towns marking the beginning of Loire Wine region |
River flows north to these towns, then turns and heads more or less west to the Atlantic after this |
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Four Wine Regions of Loire Valley |
2. Anjou-Samur (two adjacent areas of Anjou and Samur) 3. Touraine (to the east of Anjou-Samur) 4. The Upper Loire (area of Sancerre and Pouilly-Fumé, eastern part of Loire valley. Continental climate moderated by sea breezes) |
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Key white grape varieties of the Loire Valley (3 mian, 3 minor)
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Melon de Bourgogne (limited to Pays Nantais) Sauvignon Blanc Chenin Blanc Small amounts of Arbois, Chardonnay, Folle Blanche |
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Melon de Bourgogne
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-Fairly neutral white grape that produces a light bodied crisp wine -- In Loire Valley, limited to Pays Nantais area where it is used to make Muscadet |
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Chenin Blanc (Loire)
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In the Loire, made into dry, sweet, and sparkling Thin skin susceptible to Botrytis Ex) Vouvray and Savenniéres |
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Sauvignon Blanc (Loire)
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Planted throughout middle Loire, but most known for the wine it produces in the upper Loire in Sancerre and Pouilly-Fumé |
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Loire Regional name for Cabernet Franc |
Breton |
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Loire Regional Name for Malbec |
Côt |
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Common grapes used for rosés in Loire Valley
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Cabernet Franc, Pinot Noir, Gamay, Cabernet Sauvignon, Grolleau, or Malbec |
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"Fines Bulles"
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Name of sparkling wine produced in the Loire Valley using the traditional method. |
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Sparkling Wine Grapes of the Loire Valley
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Red- Cabernet Franc, Pinot Noir, Gamay, Cabernet Sauvignon, Grolleau Both white and rosés produced with varying sweetness levels |
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Does Loire Valley have a general quality wine (AOC) appellation?
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This is instead taken by the PGI level through the IGP du Val de Loire, one of the six new regional vins de pays |
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IGP du Val de Loire replaced what category?
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Replaced Vin de Pays du Jardin de la France in 2007 |
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Pays Nantais
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Region of Loire Valley, home of Melon de. Bourgogne (Muscadet). |
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Muscadet is the only allowed grape in which appellations (4) |
Muscadet Coteaux de la Loire AOC Muscadet Côtes de Grandlieu AOC Muscadet Sevre-et-Maine AOC |
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What kind of wine does the Muscadet grape produce?
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--Richer fully bodied styles made using lees aging. (can use "sur lie" on label) |
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Gros Plant du Pays Nantais AOC
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Grape used is Folle Blanche/Gros Plant can use "sur lie" with year of lees aging |
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Coteaux d'Ancenis AOC |
Loire Valley (Nantais sub region) appellation created in 2011. May be white using 100% Pinot Gris, or red/rosé using Gamay |
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Fiefs Vendéens AOC
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Loire Valley (Nantais sub region) appellation created in 2011. White, red, and rosés using typical Loire varieties |
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Two subregions of centrol Loire Valley
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Anjou-Samur and Touraine |
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Cher river
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In Loire Valley, connects to Loire river. Reuilly AOC is along this river |
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Order of Loire sub-regions from West to East
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Pays Nantais>>Anjou-Samur>> Touraine>> Upper Loire |
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Anjou AOC
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Produces -red wine primarily from Cabernet Franc, with some Cabernet Sauvignon. -white wine from Chenin blanc with up to 20% SB or Chardonnay -Rosé |
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Savennières AOC
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dry wine from 100% Chenin blanc On North bank of Loire river "the most cerebral wine in the world" |
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Anjou Rosé-only appellations
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Cabernet d'Anjou Rosé de Loire (also in Samur and Touraine) |
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Anjou weather conditions favor______
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Subregions (2) or Coteaux du Layon AOC |
Quarts-du-Chaume (in 2011 Quarts-du-chaume became Loire's first Grand Cru and new appellation Coteauc to Layon Premier Cru Chaume was created) |
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Samur-Champigny AOC
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Appellation within the Samur sub-region of the Loire valley. Makes a unique spicy red wine from Cab Franc, but allows up to 10% Cabernet Sauvignon or Pineau d'Aunis (aka Chenin Noir)
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Saumur is mainly known for what kind of wine production?
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Traditional method, mostly chenin blanc but can contain any other grapes of the region. |
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Touraine
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East of Anjou and Saumur but considered part of central Loire. Home to Vouvray
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Vouvray AOC |
wines ranging in style, sweet to dry, some sparkling. 100% Chenin blanc |
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Montlouis-sur-Loire |
produces wine similar to Vouvray, is located across the river from Vouvray on the south side |
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Chinon AOC |
Located in Touraine. Must be at least 90% cab franc (can bee 100% or can have 10% cab sauv added for structure) Considered to be the most elegant of the three Cab Franc appellations in Touraine |
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Bourgueil and St.-Nicolas-de-Bourgueil AOCs |
Located in Touraine. Must be at least 90% cab franc (can bee 100% or can have 10% cab sauv added for structure) |
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Three Cabernet Franc appellations of Touraine |
Chinon, Bourgueil, and St.-Nicolas-de-Bourgueil |
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Touraine AOC |
red, white and sparkling made. East of Vouvray, grapes grown start to resemble upper Loire and are mostly Sauvignon blanc. |
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Upper Loire |
Sancerre (W, R, Ro) Pouilly-Fumé (W) Quincy (W) Reuilly (W, R, Ro) Menetou Salon (W, R, Ro) |
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Sancerre and Pouilly-Fumé AOCs |
In Upper Loire Region
Sancerre: West bank of Loire, chalky limestone soil, crisp and snappy wine. Mostly Sauv blanc, some Pinot noir Pouilly-Fumé: East bank across from Sancerre, flinty soil, smoky flavor. |
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Location of Quincy and Reuilly |
In Loire Valley, west of Sancerre and Menetou Salon. On Cher River. |
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Development of Champagne as a sparkling wine region |
Proximity to Paris and England. English demend for light white wines. Producers added sugar to balance the acidity, causing a secondary fermentation. English were the first to deliberately replicate this, then improved by Dom Perignon, Veuva Clicquot, et al. |
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Annual case volume of Champagne and % of global sparkling production |
32 million cases (18% of world sparkling wine production) |
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Climate of Champagne |
On of the coldest and most northerly winegrowing regions. Summers cool, and winters cold, with no protection from N. storms. Suited for sparkling wine. Grapes barely ripen (by other region's standards) and therefore have high acidity. |
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Five Zones of Champagne |
Montagne de Reims Vallée de la Marne Côte des Blancs Côte de Sézanne Côte des Bar |
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Acres of vineyard in Champagne |
83,000 |
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Montagne de Reims |
Area of Champagne, plateau between the Marne river and the city of Reims |
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Vallée de la Marne |
Area of Champagne,forty miles along the Marne west of Épernay |
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Côte de Sézanne |
Area of Champagne, southwest of Côte des Blancs |
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Côte des Blancs |
Area of Champagne,ridge running southwest from Épernay in a long thin line |
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Côte des Bar |
Area of Champagne,isolated in the South in Aube department. 60 mi SE from Épernay. Lies on Kimmeridgian clay |
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Rivers in Champagne |
Marne, Veslee, Aube, Seine |
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Kimmeridgean clay |
Chalky soil formed by microscopic shellfish from ancient sea bed, mixed with clay. Extends from England (Dover cliffs). Also found in Loire and Burgundy. Characteristics: high water retention, heat retention, heat reflection (light color). |
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Main Grape Varieties of Champagne (3) |
Chardonnay Pinot Noir Pinot Meunier |
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Rare permitted grape varieties of Champagne (4) |
Pinot blanc, Pinot gris, Petit Meslier, Arbane Ex) Le Nombre d'Or (Golden number) by Aubry, using all seven grape varieties |
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Areas of Champagne most Chardonnay is grown in |
Côte des blancs Montagne de Reims |
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Areas of Champagne most Pinot Noir is grown in |
Cote des Bar Montagne de Reims Vallée de la Marne |
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Areas of Champagne most Pinot Meunier is grown in |
Valée de la Marne |
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Marc (in Champagne) |
traditional measurement for the quantity of grapes allowed in the press. Equivalent to 4000 kg (8800 lbs) |
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Volume of juice permitted per Marc in Champagne production |
Max 25.5 hectoliters (675 gallons) |
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Champagne press fractions (2) |
cuvée: majority of the juice. Free run and light press. Rich in sugar and acids. Used for premium champagne productions.
taille: later pressings from flesh closer to the seeds or skin. Lower in acid and sugar. Used mostly for demi-sec or extra-dry wines. Max 5 hL allowed per Marc. |
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Term for leftover grape must after pressings in Champagne |
Rebêche Sent to distillery |
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Champagne may not be bottled until _______ after the harvest |
January first. |
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Champagne Classification |
--Villages are classified, not the wines Top villages (grand cru) are rated as 100%, 90-99% ranked villages are premier crus, the rest are ranked between 80-89%. These control the price received by growers. --Can put grand/premier cru on label if all the wine comes from grand/premier cru vineyards 17 grand crus, 44 premier crus, 296 other crus |
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Champagne houses: # and % of vineyards owned |
300 approximate houses, making 2/3 of region wine, own 10% of the vineyard |
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Grower Champagne labeling |
"RM" Récolant-Manipulant |
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Number of sparkling AOCs in Champange region |
One- Champagne AOC |
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Total number of AOCs in Champagne region |
Three- 1. Champagne AOC (sparkling) 2. Rosé de Riceys- rosé wine from PN in Riceys commmune in far south of region 3. Coteaux Champenois AOC- covers most of region, for white, red, rosé STILL wines |
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Alsace has (few/many) producers with (big/small) vineyard holdings |
Many producers with small vineyards |
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Annual case sales of Alsace region |
10.1 million cases
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Natural boundaries of Alsace region |
Vosges mountains to the west (protecting from inclement weather) and Rhine river to the east |
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Alsace borders which German wine region? |
Baden |
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Regional divisions of Alsace |
Bas-Rhin: area to the north, but at a lower elevation Haut-Rhin: area to the south, at a higher elevation |
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Climate of Alsace |
cold continental climate. One of the driest parts of France because of Vosges rain shadow |
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Top grape varieties in Alsace |
1. Riesling 2. Pinot blanc 3. Gewurztraminer 4. Pinot Gris 5. Pinot Noir 6. Sylvaner 7. Muscat |
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Appellations of Alsace |
1. Alsaces AOC- most of region 2. Alsace Grand Cru AOC -gc vineyards, mostly in Haut-Rhin, with stricter yield parameters, no chapitalization. 3. Crémant d'Alsace- for sparkling wine. Only one where Chardonnay is allowed as a grape |
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All allowed grape varieties of Alsace (11) |
1. Riesling 2. Pinot blanc 3. Gewurztraminer 4. Pinot Gris 5. Pinot Noir 6. Sylvaner 7. Muscat 8. Chasselas 9. Auxerrois 10. Kelverner de Heilgenstein (Savagnin Rose)- only grown around Heilgenstein village. 11. Chardonnay- only allowed in Crémant |
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Grand Cru vineyards in Alsace can only grow what varieties ("noble varieties") |
Gewurztraminer, Muscat, Pinot Gris, Riesling (Sylvaner blended in rare exceptions) |
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Crémant d'Alsace can be made from_____ |
Pinot blanc, Pinot gris, Riesling, Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, and/or Auxerrois. Traditional Method |
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Is there a IGP for Alsace? |
No. Wines that do not adhere to AOC rules are declassified to "wine"; there is no IGP for Alsace. |
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Typical Alsatian wine style |
Emphasis on grape varieties (varietally labeled wines), aromatic, fresh fruit driven profiles with moderate acidity and no oak |
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Blended wines in Alsace |
Not common, but permitted as Edelzwicker. |
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Edelzwicker |
Alsatian blends. Those produced with at least 50% of a noble variety can have "gentil" on the label |
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Pinot d'Alsace |
Another type of Alsatian blend, which can use any percentage of Pinot Blanc, Pinot Gris, Pinot Noir, or Auxerrois vinified as white wine. |
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Noble Varities of Alsace |
Riesling, Pinot Gris, Muscat, Gewurztraminer |
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Sweetness levels of Alsatian wine |
Usually fermented dry, though the dry weather and recently warmer summers have resulted in sugar levels high enough that they are not always fermented to dryness, along with high alcohol levels. Also consciously made desert wines exist |
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Styles of Alsatian desert wine (2) |
Vendange Tardive- late harvest grapes, may more may not have botrytis, can also be fermented dry. Sélection de grains nobles- always sweet, botrytis infected |
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Main Regions of Burgundy, From North to South |
Chablis Côte de Nuits Côte de Beaune Côte Chalonnaise Mâconnais |
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Burgundy vineyard size and history |
Notoriously fractured vineyard ownership, due to French Revolution land redistribution and Napoleonic inheritance code mandating equal distribution among heirs. |
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Chablis location and climate |
Closer to Aube in Champagne than to the rest of Burgundy. Colder, hard to ripen grapes, but grapes grown on south facing slopes in kimmeridgean clay |
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Chablis wine styles |
Only Chardonnay, pronounced minerality and "flinty" character not found elsewhere in Burgundy. More acid than the rest of Burgundy |
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Chablis appellations |
Petit-Chablis- circle around Chablis AOC. Sun and aspect less ideal. Chablis AOC: within this there are 40 premier cru vineyards, and 1 Grand Cru vineyard split into seven named parcels. On a hill Northeast of city of Chablis |
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Chablis Grand Cru Parcels (7) |
Largest to smallest: 1. Les Clos 2. Vaudésir 3. Valmur 4. Blanchot 5. Bougros 6. Les Preuses 7. Grenouilles |
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Give an example of a well known Premier Cru vineyard in Chablis |
Montée de Tonnerre Vaillons Vosgros Mont de Milieu |
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Côte d'Or subregions |
Côte de Nuits: northern section, ideal for production of Pinot Noir Côte de Beaune: south, ideal for Chardonnay |
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% of production in Côte de Nuits given to Pinot Noir |
90% |
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Number of Grand Cru vineyards in Burgundy |
33 (32 in Côte d'Or, 1 in Chablis) |
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Number of Grand Cru vineyards in Côte de Nuits |
24, all for red wine except Musigny which in addition to PN also makes a small amount of Chardonnay |
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Commune appellations of Côte de Nuits |
Marsannay Fixin Gevrey-Chambertain Morey-St.-Denis Chambolle-Musigny Voeugeot Vosne-Romanée Nuit-St.-George |
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% of production in Côte de Beaune given to Chardonnay |
Only about half, though 7 of its 8 GC only produce white, and Chardonnay is what has given the region its reputation. |
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Corton Grand Cru produces what type of wine |
In Côte de Beaune, the one grand cru that produces mostly Pinot Noir with a small amount of Chardonnay |
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Primary communes of Côte de Beaune |
Aloxe-Corton Pernand-Vergelesses Beaune Pommard Volnay Meursault Puligny-Monrachet |
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Example of well known Grand Cru of Côte de Beaune |
Corton (R, sm w) Corton-Charlemange (w) Charlemange (w) Montrachet (w) |
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Typical halmark of Burgundy wine |
moderate alcohol, acidiy, and tannin complexity in aroma and flavor earthiness oak aging is the norm |
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Côte d'Or Geography |
southwest of Dijon along a narrow limestone ridge (côte) that paralells the Sâone river on its west bank. belt of hills to the nort and west provide shelter from cold Atlantic influence, resulting in a continental climate. Hail is a worry. |
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Name of city that is Commerical heart of Burgundy's wine trade |
Beaune |
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Top Grape varieties in Burgundy |
Chardonnay (about 60% of production) Pinot Noir Aligoté Gamay |
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Charateristics of Côte d'Or wines |
both white and red has multi-layered aroma profiles suggestive of wet earth. Age worthy. When oaked (which is the normal), additional oak aroma profile |
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Burgundy Classifications |
1. Grand Cru- 33, each w/ an AOC 2. Premier Cru- 600+, under commune appellation (but can have vineyard name and 1er cru on label) 3. Village level- named vineyard can be on label. Villages appended names to include famous vineyards, making it confusing (ex. Griotte-Chambertain is a GC, Gevrey-Chambertain is a commune/village wine) 4. Regional AOCs |
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How many communes/villages are in Burgundy |
44 |
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Breakdown of the 100 AOCs of Burgundy |
33 Grand Crus 44 Commune (village) 23 Regional |
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Location of Côte Chalonnaise |
south of Côte de Beaune, west of town of Chalon-sur-Sâone |
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Classifications of wine produced in Côte Chalonnaise |
Mostly regional and some village. No Grand Crus Serveral Premier Crus Five Communal AOCs (biggest is Mercurey) |
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Majority grape of Côte Chalonnaise |
Chardonnay, but only slightly more than Pinot Noir |
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Mâconnais location |
Southernmost portion of Burgundy, overlapping slighlty with the upper poriton of Beaujolais |
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Majority grape of Mâconnais |
Chardonnay, within a small amount of red (Gamay) |
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Classifications of wine produced in Mâconnais |
Mostly Mâcon-Villages (43 villages, 26 of which can put name on label, and 5 of which have been awarded AOC communal status). These are for Chardonnay only. |
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Largest communial AOCs in Mâconnais |
Pouilly-Fuissé St.-Véran |
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Name for a winegrowing estate in Burgundy |
domaine |
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% of Burgundy wine trade for negociants |
3/4, though trend towards marketing own wine, and there are several co-ops in Maconnais |
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Communes of Côte de Nuits |
Marsannay (no PC or GC) Fixin (9 PC) Gevrey-Chambertain (27 PC, 9 GC) Morey-St. Denis (20 PC, 5 GC) Chambolle-Musigny (24 PC, 2 GC) Vougeot (4 PC, 1 GC) Vosne-Romanée (17 PC, 8 GC) Nuit-St.-George (39 PC) |
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Define: Climat |
plots of land in Burgundy, deliniated by terroir, ranked according to quality |
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Communes of Côte de Beaune |
Pernand-Vergelesses (5 PC, 3 GC) Ladoix-Serrigny (11 PC, 2 GC, part) Aloxe-Corton (14 PC, 3 GC) Savigny-les-Beaune (20 PC) Chorey-les-Beaune Beaune (40 PC) Pommard (20 PC) Monthélie (11 PC) Saint-Romain Volnay (32 PC) Auxey-Duresses (8 PC) Mersault (21 PC) Saint-Aubin (29 PC) Puligny-Monrachet (22 PC, 4 GC) Chassagne-Monrachet (52 PC, 3 GC) Santenay (13 PC) |
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Beaujolais shares boundaries with what part of Burgundy?
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Mâconnais
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Production of Beaujolais
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Has been declining, about 2/3 that of Burgundy, or 9.4 million cases annually. |
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Geography of Beaujolais |
Directly south of Mâconnais, along the Sâone river. Warmer than Burgundy due to its southerly location, and moderation of continental climate from some of the Med influences coming up the Rhone valley. Granitic soil the defining feature, vs. limestone for Burgundy |
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Grape Varieties of Beaujolais (1 major, 3 minor) |
Minor: Chardonnay, Aligoté, Pinot Noir |
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Beaujolais wine styles
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Intended (generally) for early consumption rather than aging. bright red fruit aromas, with tropical notes from carbonic maceration. Fruity, low tannin wine with vivid purple red color. |
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Beaujolais Nouveau |
Released the third Thursday in November within weeks of bottling. |
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The northern part of Beaujolais is notable because |
This is where most of the granitic soil is, and therefore were the Beaujolais crus are. |
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Beaujolais has how many appellations? |
11 (Beaujolais AOC, formerly Beaujolais-Villages...and 10 crus) Within the general AOC there are 38 villages than can append their name to the AOC |
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Name the Beaujolais crus and the style associated with them |
lighter style: Chiroubles, Fleurie, St.-Armour fuller bodied: Brouilly, Côte de Brouilly, Juliénas, Réginé Age worthy: Chénas, Moulin-á-vent, Morgon |
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Beaujolais crus produce about what % of the wine |
1/3 |
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Rhône Valley is the #_____ region of France in terms of case production of AOC-level wine |
#2, behind Bordeaux |
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City and geogrpahical limits of the Rhone valley |
Rhone River beginning 20 mi S of Lyon and extending downward 120 miles to Avignon. 30 mile gap between N and S Rhone |
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Nothern Rhône geography |
Vineyards lie in a narrow strop about 40 miles in length along both banks of the river. Steep sides- must be terraced through much of it. Continental (cold winter, hot summer). Baking sun lent name to Côte Rôtie (roasted hillside) |
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Souther Rhône geography |
Rhone river breaks out of the mountains and into lowlands that run to Mediterranean. Med climate with lots of sun, warm temps, and little rain. Lots of rounded large stones (galets) washed from the mountains, esp in CDP |
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Northern Rhone grape varieties |
Red: Syrah White: Viognier, Rousanne, Marsanne |
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Southern Rhone grape varieties |
Over 2 dozen permitted Main Red: Grenache, Syrah, Carignan, Cinsault, Mourvedré Main White: Grenache blanc, Clairette, Viognier, Ugni Blanc, Rousanne, Marsanne, Muscat, etc. |
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Rhone Valley Wine Styles |
North: Syrah is deeply colored, tannic, powerful, long lived South: mainly Grenache based, less tannin and pigment but still lots of alcohol. Lower in acidity and concentrated. |
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Rhone Rosés |
Only 9% of production, but a specialty, esp in Tavel. Grenache, with low tannin and good color, is often a key grape. Usually deep color, relatively hearty as Rosés go |
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White wines of Rhone |
Only 5% of Rhone output, but various appellations are well regarded for still, fortified, or sparkling. (ex Viogniers of N Rhone) |
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The vast majority of Rhone wines are (white/Red/rosé) |
Red, by a long shot |
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Northern Rhone appellations (8) |
Côte Rotie (Syrah with little Viognier) Hermitage (Syrah with little Mars/Rousanne) Cornas (100% syrah) St.-Joseph (larger, can have M/R) Crozes-Hermitage (larger, can have M/R) Condrieu (all viognier) Chateau-Grillet (all viognier) |
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Breakdown of production between N and S Rhone |
4% North, 96% South |
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Côtes du Rhone AOC |
Covers most of the N and S Rhone, though usually comes all from the S. Half of the entire valley's output. Primarily red, can can be made from any combo of permitted varieties |
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Côtes du Rhone-Villages AOC |
Some 90 villages within the CdR AOC can use this, and 18 of them can append their name. Cairanne is the most well known. Slightly higher standards than regular CdR |
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Grapes authorized for use in Châteauneuf-du-Pape |
Grenache (3- noir, gris, blanc) Mourvédre Syrah Cinsualt Counoise Bourboulenc Roussanne Brun Argenté (Vaccarése) Muscardin Picardan Piquepol (3- noir, gris, blanc) Terret Noir |
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Muscat de Beaumes-de-Venise |
Vin doux naturel of S. Rhone made from Muscat. Min 15% alcohol, min 10% RS. Usually white, but rosé and reds exist |
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Rasteau AOC |
Vin Doux naturel of S. Rhone based on Grenache (blanc gris, noir). Generally, but not always red. |
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Tavel produces Rosés as well as reds (t/f)? |
False. They make only Rosés using mostly Grenache and Cinsault |
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Clairette de Die AOC |
In the middle of the Rhone valley, somewhat away form the Rhone river and other AOCs. Makes an Ancestral Methode sparkling wine variation called Ancestral Methode Dioise (kept at cool temps the whole time, to mimic submerging in the Die river. |
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Crémant de Die AOC |
Same location of Clairette de Die AOC, but makes sparkling in the Traditional Method |
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Largest of the Five appellations outside the Côtes du Rhone boundaries |
1. Ventoux 2. Costieres de Nîmes |
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Key grapes of Southwest France |
Cabernet sauvignon, Cabernet franc, Merlot, Syrah, Gamay |
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Esoteric Grapes of Southwest France |
White: Petit Manseg, Gros Manseng, Mauzec, Arrufiac Red: Fer Servadou, Pruneland, Négrette |
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"Black wine" |
From Cahors, malbec based. In SW of France |
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Madrian AOC |
In the SW of France, pwerful wine using Tannat |
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Gaillac AOC |
In the SW of France, wide range of wine styles |
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Jurançon |
In the SW of France, produces dry and sweet whites |
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Southern France (Languedoc, Rousillon, Rhone, Provence) is home to what portion of France's vineyards? |
about half |
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The majority of IGP wines of France come from what region? |
Languedoc-Rousillon, especially IGP de Pays d'Oc which covers the entire region (50 million cases/year) |
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Languedoc AOC |
Replaced the Côuteaux de Languedoc AOC. Covers the entire L-R area from Spain to Nîmes and lets growers move up to AOC status by using traditional grape varieties |
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Corbieres AOC |
largest of the traditional Languedoc-Roussion AOCs in terms of production. Mostly red but allows red and rosé |
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Minervois AOC |
large production traditional Languedoc-Roussion AOC. Mostly red but allows red and rosé |
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Côtes du Rousillon AOC |
In Launguedoc-Rousillon. Makes mostly rosé |
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Newest AOC of Languedoc Rousillon |
Terrasses du Larzac, approved July 2014. Red wine only. |
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Limoux produces______ |
sparkling wines |
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IGP area for Provence |
IGP de Méditerranée....though Provance focuses mostly on AOC wine |
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Largest AOC in Provence |
Côtes de Provence |
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Best known communal AOC of Provence |
Bandol AOC, producing Mourvédre based Reds and rosés. Good reputation but small production |
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In addition to Mourvédre, these grapes are blended into Bandol AOC wines |
Mainly Grenache and Cinsault |
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88% of the wine produced in Provence is ____ |
Rosé (making the region responsible for 40% of the rosé production of all of France) |
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Three main Rosé-centric appellations of Provence |
1. Côte de Provence (largest, with four sub appellations) 2. Coteaux d'Aix-en-Provence Coteaux Varois en Provence |
