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218 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is wort?
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Sugar rich liquid from malted grain
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What are hops?
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Flower from Humulus Lupus
Adds flavor and bitterness, plus preservative and antiseptic qualities |
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What is the Bavarian Purity Law?
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Reinheitsgebot
1516 Authorized barley, hops and water |
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What is malt?
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Barley steeped in water to promote germination and conversion of sugar (maltose and dextrin) from starch by amylase
It is then roasted to desired color |
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What happens after grain is malted until fermentation?
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Malt is ground (cracked) in a mill to produce grist
Grist is combined with a hot water in a mash tun to extract sugar from the malt, creating wort. Wort is then placed in a copper and hopped and boiled |
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What is sparging?
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Rinsing of spent grains to get extra sugar and flavor, although may impart bitterness
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What is a copper?
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A brew kettle
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What is a hopback chamber?
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Allows dry hopping of a wort before straining, chilling and fermentation
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What is the yeast for ale?
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a top-fermenting yeast that prefers warmer temperatures and produces fruity and richly flavored beers
Ferments in less than a week |
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What is the yeast for lager?
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Saccharomyces pastorianus (formerly carlsbergensis) prefers colder temperatures and is bottom fermenting, producing a delicate, cleaner beer
Fermentation is slower than ale |
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What are cask ales?
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Ales sold as draft beers, typically unpasteurized
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What are bottle conditioned beers?
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Unfiltered and undergo partial fermentation in the bottle
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What are lambic beers?
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Spontaneously fermented beers from Belguim made in open top containers with wild yeasts such as Brettanomyces bruxellensis and Brettanomyces lambicus
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How are lambic beers aged?
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In cask for up to three years
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What is Geuze?
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Style of lambic mixing one year old lambic with beers that have been aged for 2-3 years, then refermented with aged hops in bottle
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Are keg beers pasteurized?
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Typically no, although imports are
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What is a mash tin?
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Container used to brew wort
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What is the ideal service temperature for lager? Lighter ales and draught bitter beers? Trappist ales, lambics, stouts, brown ale and other strong beers?
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48-52 F
54-57 F Cool room temp |
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What makes sake different from other spirits?
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Multiple Parallel Fermentation
Koji-kin ferments starch into sugar then yeast converts the sugar into alcohol |
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What is the scientific name of koji-kin?
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Aspergillus oryzae
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What is the preferred type of rice for sake?
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Yamada Nishiki
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What do the Japanese call the heart of the rice grain?
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Shipaku
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What doe the Japanese call the milling process?
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Seimaibuai
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What is the name for the Japanese classification of seimaibuai?
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Tokutei Meishoshu
Special Designation Sake |
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What are the levels of tokutei meishoshu?
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Junmai
Honjozo Ginjo Daiginjo |
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What is junmai?
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Max 70% rice grain remaining
If producer puts semaibuai on the label, uses only water, rice and koji, milling percentage may be higher than 70% |
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What is honjozo?
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Max 70% rice grain milled away
Slight amount of brewer's alcohol added to the sake before pressing |
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What is ginjo?
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Max 60% rice grain milled away
If just labeled ginjo, it will be honjozo in style with brewer's alcohol added. If no alcohol added it will be labeled junmai ginjo |
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What is daiginjo?
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Maximum 50% rice milled away.
If labeled daiginjo, it will be honjozo in style with brewer's alcohol added. If no alcohol is added it will be labeled junmai daiginjo. |
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What are the steps of sake making from milling to bottling?
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Milling
Rinsing Soaking in water Steaming Koji Moto Moromi Pressing Filtering Pasteurization |
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What is koji?
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The steamed rice upon which koji-kin is inoculated. The mold grows for about two days.
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What is moto?
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The starter. Created by adding yeast, additional rice and water to koji. It develops of a period of two weeks before moving to a larger vessel for fermentation.
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What is moromi?
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Fermenting mash. Formed by adding koji, water and steamed rice to moto in three successive stages. Doubles in size.
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How long does fermentation in sake last? What is the final alcohol level?
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Approximately 45 days after the final addition to the moromi. Can reach 20% but water is usually added to bring it back to 17%
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How is sweetness indicated in sake?
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Sake Value Meter (nihonshudo)
Measures sake's specific gravity. Negative values indicate sweetness Positive values indicate dryness |
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What is the best way to serve sake?
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Lightly chhilled or at room temperature
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What is a tok kuri?
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Traditional ceramic narrow necked flask to serve sake
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What are the two service cups for sake?
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ochoko (small cylindrical vessels)
sakazuki (ceremonial cups) |
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What is the name for unpasteurized sake?
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Namazake
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What is the name for unpasturized sake?
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Nigori Sake
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What is the name for sake aged in wooden barrels/
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Taruzake
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What is the name for a smaller brewery?
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Jizake
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What is the name for a sake brewery?
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Kura
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What is the name for an undiluted sake?
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Genshu Sake
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What is the boiling point of ethanol?
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172.4 (78)
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Who developed the first alembic still?
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Jabir ibn Hayyan, an 8th century Arabic alchemist
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What is the Arabic name for alcohol?
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Al-koh'l, a cosmetic powder purified through distillation
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What are synonyms for the continuous still? When was it invented?
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Column still
Coffey Still Patent Still Early 1800s |
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What are the two parts of column still?
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Analyzer and the rectifier
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What are congeners?
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Volatile molecules such as esters, other alcohols which contribute flavor (or off flavors) to a spirit
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What is the difference between maceration and infusion?
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Maceration is a slow, cold method
Infusion is a warm, hot method |
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What is the origin of proof?
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Originally British sailors would test their alcohol ration by dousing gunpowder. If the abv was less than 57.15%, the powder would not ignite
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Where does the term vodka originate?
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Russian term for water
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How is vodka typically made?
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Distilled in a continuous still and filtered with charcoal.
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What is the min abv for vodka in the EU? What labeling stipulations do they have?
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37.5%
If the vodka is not grain or potato based, must list fermentation products on the label |
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What are the the Japanese and Korean versions of vodka?
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Shochu and soju, traditionally made from sake
Shochu is not filtered through charcoal |
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What is the name for an Okinawan style shochu made from rice only?
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Awamori
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How is gin made?
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Vodka is redistilled with botanicals
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What the notable top notes of London dry gin?
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Juniper
Orange and lemon Anise Cardamom Coriander Nutmeg Angelica |
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What are popular potato vodkas?
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Chopan (Poland - Belvedere is also from Poland but not from potatoes)
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How is Grey Goose made?
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Via pot still
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What is the major flavoring note of acquavit?
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Caraway and dill
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Who developed the first crude gin?
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Dutch Dr. Sylvius de Bouve in the 16th century
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What are the dominant notes of genever?
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Juniper and malt (min 15% malt wine from corn, rye and wheat)
May be aged in oak casks |
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What are the names for style of genever?
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Oude (Old - traditional style with malt wine)
Jonge (Young - less malt wine) Corenwyn (Corn wine - cask aged version where malt wine is at least 51% of distillate) |
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What is Plymouth style gin?
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Revived in 1996
Fuller in body and sweeter with more root ingredients, giving an earthier feel |
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What is Old Tom gin?
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Slightly sweet gin, "missing link" between genever and gin
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What cocktails is Old Tom gin famous for?
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Tom Collins (gin sour with soda)
Martinez (Old Tom, Sweet Vermouth, Marschino liqueur, Bitters, Twist) |
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What cocktail is Plymouth gin famous for?
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Pink Gin (Gin, Angostura, Twist)
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What is the origin of the term whiskey?
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Galeic uisgebetha (water of life)
Legend attributes distillation in Ireland to St Patrick in the 5th century |
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When is the first written proof of whisky production in Scotland?
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1494
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Who founded Kentucky's first whiskey distillery?
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Rev Elijah Craig in 1789
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What are the production rules for bourbon?
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51% corn up to 80%
Aged in charred new oak casks If aged less than 4 years, must state length of aging on bottle May be legally produced anywhere in the US |
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What is Tennessee whiskey? What is the process called to make it?
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51% corn up to 79%
Sour mash whiskey filtered with maple charcoal prior to aging Lincoln County Process |
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What are requirements for rye whiskey?
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Must be 51% rye otherwise same as bourbon and Tennessee whiskey
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What is bonded whiskey?
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Single distillery from a bonded distillery
Min 4 years aging 100 proof |
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What is straight whiskey?
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Any that was distilled to no higher than 160 proof and bottled at no less than 80 proof and at least 51% of one type of grain on the mash bill
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What is corn whiskey?
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Min 80% corn and, if aged in wood, must be in used or uncharred barrels
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What are the rules for Canadian whiskey?
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Blended whiskey (at least half is neutral grain spirit)
Additives are legal Min of three years in barrel (any type will do) Unless it says Rye it more than likely will be corn based |
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Who created the London Dry Gin style?
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Charles Tanqueray in 1820
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What are the five categories of Scotch established in the 2009 Scotch Whiskey Regulations?
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Single Malt Scotch Whisky
Single Grain Scotch Whisky Blended Malt Scotch Whisky Blended Grain Scotch Whisky Blended Scotch Whisky |
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What is Single Malt Scotch Whisky?
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Distilled to no higher than 140 proof from malted barley in a pot still at a single distillery
From 2012 forward must be bottled in Scotland |
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What is Single Grain Scotch Whisky?
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Produced at a single distiller from unmalted barley, wheat or corn
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What is Blended Malt Scotch Whisky?
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Produced from a blend of malt whiskies
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What is Blended Grain Scotch Whisky?
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Produced from two or more grain whiskies
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What is Blended Scotch Whisky?
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Blend of malt and grain whiskys from a number of distilleries
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What are the manufacturing requirements for Scotch Whisky?
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All Scotch must be produced in Scotland
Distilled at least twice Aged for at least three years |
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Why can't Scotch be aged longer than thrity years?
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Angel's share reduces amount of abv to less than legal limit
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What are the six major regions of Scotch?
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Highlands
Lowlands Speyside Islay Campbeltown The Islands |
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What are the better known distilleries of the Highlands?
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Oban
Glenmorangie Dalwhinnie Dalmore |
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What are the better known scotch of the Lowlands? What is its style?
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Glenkinichie
Auchentoshan Lightest and least smokey |
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What are the better known producers in Speyside? What is its style?
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Glenlivet
GlenFiddich Macallan Milder and fruiter in character |
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What are the distillers of Campbeltown? What is its style?
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Glen Scotia
Glengyle Springbank Pronounced peatyness and toasted seaweed |
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What are the major scotch producing islands?
What are their major distilleries? |
Skye (Talisker)
Jura Mull Arran Orkney (Highland Park) |
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What are the major distillers of Ilay? What is their style?
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Ardbeg
Lagavulin Laphroaig Most peaty, smoky style |
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What are the four active Irish distilliers?
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Old Bushmills
Cooley New Midleton (Jameson) Kilbeggan (won't release until 2014) |
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What caused the divergence in style between Irish and Scotch whiskies?
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1725 English tax on malting barley
Scottish started malting barley at night (hence moonshine) Irish did not malt their barley |
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How is Irish whiskey typically made?
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Triple pot distilled (although many are continuous)
Aged minimum three years prior to release |
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Is all Irish whiskey unmalted? Unpeated?
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No
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What are the four major kinds of Irish whiskey?
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Single malt whiskey (100% malted barley, pot still, single distillery - Bushmills)
Grain whiskey (continuous still from wheat or corn) Blended whiskey (blend of single malt and grain - Jameson) Pure pot still (malted and unmalted barley in a pot still - Redbreast) |
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When was Cognac AOC defined and finalized?
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1909, 1938
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Where is Cognac located?
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To the north of Bordeaux
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What are the production regions for Cognac in order of quality?
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Grande Champagne
Petite Champagne Borderies Fins Bois Bons Bois Bois Orginaires (Bois a Terroirs) |
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What are the soils for Champagne Cognac? Outside of Champagne Cognac?
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High percentage of chalk
Hard limestone, sand and clay |
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What are the base grapes for Cognac?
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Ugni Blanc (St. Emilion) 98%
Folle Blanche Colombard |
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What is the name for the pots used to distill Cognac?
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Charentais pot still
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What is the name for the result of the first distillation in Cognac?
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Brouillis (28-32%) alcohol
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What is the name for the second distillation in Cognac? How is it divided? Which part becomes Cognac? What is the final abv?
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Bonne chauffe
Tete-Coeur-Secondes-Queue Coeur Approx 70% |
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What are the typical woods used to make Cognac?
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Oak from the Limousin and Troncais forests
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Can water and caramel be added to Cognac prior to bottling?
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Yes
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What are the aging labels for Cognac?
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VS or *** (2 years)
VSOP (Very Special, or Superior, Old Pale - 4 years) XO (6 years - 10 years in 2016) Napoleon (at least 6 years) |
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Is vintage Cognac produced?
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Yes
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What percentage of a Cognac must be from the area on a label?
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If there is an area, 100%
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Where is Fine Champagne Cognac from?
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Both the Grande and Petite Champagnes with the Grande at least 50% of the blend
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What are the regions of Armagnac?
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Haut-Armagnac
Bas-Armagnac Armagnac-Tenareze |
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Where is Armagnac?
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To the SE of Bordeaux
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What are the grapes in Armagnac?
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Ugni Blanc
Colombard Folle Blanche (Picpoul) |
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How is Armagnac distilled?
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Can be distilled twice in a Charentais pot still, but 95% is distilled twice in a copper continuous still that is a simpler version that predates the Aeneas Coffee 1831 model
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What is Blanche Armagnac?
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White lightning version of Armagnac
Aged three months in an inert container |
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What is the old labeling system for Armagnac?
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VS - at least two years in wood
VSOP - at least five years in wood XO - at least six years in wood |
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What organization oversees Armagnac production?
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Bureau National Interprofessionel de l'Armagnac
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What are the new recommended guidelines for Armagnac labeling?
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VS or *** (1-3 years in barrel)
VSOP (4-9 years in barrel) XO (10+ years in barrel) Hors d'Age (10+ years in barrel) |
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What is coupage?
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Barrel selections
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What are the requirements for vintage Armagnac?
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Must be single vintage
Must be aged 10 years prior to released |
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What are the AOCs of Calvados?
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Calvados
Calvados Domfrontais Calvados Pays d'Auge |
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How is Calvados made?
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Distilled twice in a copper pot still and aged for a minimum of two years
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What are the requirements for Calvados Pays d'Auge?
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Max 30% perry
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What are the requirements for Calvados Domfrontais?
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Min 30% perry
Min 3 years aging Continuous distillation |
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Can Calvados be vintage?
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Yes
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What are the aging terms for Calvados?
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Fine
Vieux or Reserve (3 years) Vieille Reserve or VSOP (4 years) XO, Hors d'Age or Napoleon (6 years) |
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What are the four major styles of rum?
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Light
Dark Demerara Rhum agricole |
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What distinguishes light rum?
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Continuous method
Charcoal filtering after a short period of cask aging (Some are unfiltered, such as Mount Gay) |
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What distinguishes Demerara rum?
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From Guyana
Distilled from molasses and sometimes aged for a decade |
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What is Cachaca?
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Brazilian spirit made from sugarcane juice (essentially a light rum)
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What is dark rum?
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Fuller in body, more complex caramel notes
Typically distilled twice in pot stills and aged for years |
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What is Rhum Agricole?
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Southernmost French AOC
Only produced from sugarcane juice and mandated use of column stills |
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What is the main area for Tequila production? What other areas have Tequila production?
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Jalisco
Gaunajato Tamaulipas Nayarit Michoacan |
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What is a pina? How is it processed?
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Fermented juice of a cooked pina from the heart of a blue agave plant
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What is the mashbill for Tequila?
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Best is 100% blue agave
Most is mixto, at least 51% blue agave |
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How is Tequila distilled?
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Traditional pot still (twice) or the continuous method
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What are the aging levels for tequila?
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Blanco/Silver for unaged
Reposado - 60 days to 1 year Anejo - 1 year to 3 years Extra Anejo - 3+ years |
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What is the difference between Mezcal and Tequila?
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All Tequila is Mezcal, but not all Mezcal is Tequila
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What is Mezcal?
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Fermented agave principally from Oaxaca
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What are the types of agave in Mezcal?
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Maguey (Agave americana)
Espadin (Agave angustifolia) Blue (Agave tequiliana) |
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What are low alcohol bitters used for? High alcohol?
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Low alcohol - apertifs and mixers
High alcohol - digistifs |
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What are the flavors and country of origin for Fernet Branca?
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Herbs, roots, spices
Italy |
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What are the flavors and country of origin for Averna?
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Herbs, roots, citrus
Italy |
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What are the flavors and country of origin for Ramazotti?
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Roots, herbs, orange peel, anise
Italy |
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What are the flavors and country of origin for Cynar?
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Artichoke
Italy |
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What are the flavors and country of origin for Campari?
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Herbs, quinine, rhubarb, orange
Italy |
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What are the flavors and country of origin for Aperol?
|
Orange, gentian, rhubarb
Italy |
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What are the flavors and country of origin for Amer Picon?
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Orange, gentian
France |
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What are the flavors and country of origin for Suze?
|
Gentian, herbs
France |
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What are the flavors and country of origin for Boonekamp?
|
Herbs, roots, spices
Germany |
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What are the flavors and country of origin for Unicum (Zwack)?
|
Herbs, spices
Hungary |
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What are the flavors and country of origin for Jagermeister?
|
Herbs, spices, fruits
Germany |
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What are the flavors and country of origin for Cointreau?
|
Orange
France |
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What are the flavors and country of origin for Curacao?
|
Laraha Citrus
Netherlands (Antilles) |
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What are the flavors and country of origin for Grand Mariner?
|
Orange (Cognac base)
France |
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What are the flavors and country of origin for Van Der Hume?
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Tangerine
South Africa |
|
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What are the flavors and country of origin for Maraschino?
|
Cherry
Croatia |
|
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What are the flavors and country of origin for Chambord?
|
Black Raspberry
France |
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What are the flavors and country of origin for Creme de Cassis?
|
Blackcurrant
France |
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What are the flavors and country of origin for Cherry Heering?
|
Cherry
Denmark |
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What are the flavors and country of origin for Pisang Ambon?
|
Banana
Netherlands |
|
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What are the flavors and country of origin for Midori?
|
Melon
Japan |
|
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What are the flavors and country of origin for Tamara?
|
Dates
Israel |
|
|
What are the flavors and country of origin for Malibu?
|
Coconut (rum base)
Barbados |
|
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What are the flavors and country of origin for Sloe Gin?
|
Sloe berries (Sweetened gin base)
England |
|
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What are the flavors and country of origin for Limoncello?
|
Lemon
Italy |
|
|
What are the flavors and country of origin for Advocaat?
|
Sweetened Egg
Denmark |
|
|
What are the flavors and country of origin for Baileys?
|
Cream, chocolate
Ireland |
|
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What are the flavors and country of origin for Amarula?
|
Cream, marula fruit
South Africa |
|
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What are the flavors and country of origin for Tia Maria?
|
Coffee (rum base)
Jamaica |
|
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What are the flavors and country of origin for Kahlua?
|
Coffee (rum base)
Mexico |
|
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What are the flavors and country of origin for Godiva?
|
Chocolate
Belgium |
|
|
What are the flavors and country of origin for Frangelico?
|
Hazelnut
Italy |
|
|
What are the flavors and country of origin for Amaretoo?
|
Apricot, almond
Italy |
|
|
What are the flavors and country of origin for Southern Comfort?
|
Peach, orange, spice, American whiskey
USA |
|
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What are the flavors and country of origin for Drambuie?
|
Heather honey, herbs, Scotch
Scotland |
|
|
What are the flavors and country of origin for Glen Mist?
|
Heather honey, herbs, Scotch
Scotland |
|
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What are the flavors and country of origin for Glayva?
|
Honey, tangerine, spices, Scotch
Scotland |
|
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What are the flavors and country of origin for Irish Mist?
|
Honey, herbs, Irish whiskey
|
|
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What are the flavors and country of origin for Pernod?
|
Anise
France |
|
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What are the flavors and country of origin for Ricard?
|
Anise
France |
|
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What are the flavors and country of origin for Pastis 51?
|
Anise
France |
|
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What are the flavors and country of origin for Ouzo?
|
Anise
Greece |
|
|
What are the flavors and country of origin for Sambuca?
|
Anise, elderberry
Italy |
|
|
What are the flavors and country of origin for Galliano?
|
Anise, herbs, vanilla
Italy |
|
|
What are the flavors and country of origin for Licor 43?
|
Vanilla, herbs, spice
Spain |
|
|
What are the flavors and country of origin for Kummel?
|
Caraway
Denmark |
|
|
What are the flavors and country of origin for Benedictine?
|
Herbs, spices
France |
|
|
What are the flavors and country of origin for Chartruse?
|
Herbs, plants, roots, spices
France |
|
|
What are the flavors and country of origin for Strega?
|
Saffron, herbs, spices
Italy |
|
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What are the flavors and country of origin for St Germain?
|
Elderflower
France |
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What are the flavors and country of origin for Krupnik?
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Honey
Poland |
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What are the main methods of extraction for liqueurs?
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Pressure
Maceration Infusion Percolation |
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What is pressure?
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Mechanical presses used to extract essential oils
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What is percolation?
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The spirit is continuously bubbled through the flavoring or the spirit is boiled and the vapors are passed through the flavoring agent and condensed
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What is compounding?
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The strict sequence of blending used to produce the flavor profile of a liquor.
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What is a frappe?
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Liqueur poured over shaved ice
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What are the major types of ales?
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Pale Ale
Bitters Porters Stouts Wheat or Weisse |
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What is a Pale Ale?
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Usually bronze or copper colored ale
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What is a Bitters?
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A well hopped ale with good acidity and a hoppy bitterness at the finish
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What is a Porter?
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Dark color ale
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What is a Stout?
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Darker than porters, almost black in color
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What is a Wheat or Weisse?
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Beer made form wheat having a tart, spicy palate
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What are the major types of lagers?
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Pilsner
Bock |
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What is a Pilsner?
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Classic beer golden in color with a flowery aroma and dry finish
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What is a Bock?
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German for a strong lager
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Why do you vent a cask conditioned beer before serving?
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Allows you to slowly allow the excess CO2 out without disturbing the sediment
Done with a spile (must be removed before service) |
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What is stillage?
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Setting up a keg horizontally on a platform to allow sediment to settle
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What is tapping for a cask conditioned beer?
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Serving tap done right before service
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What is a cider?
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Fermented beverage from apple juice
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What varietals of apples are used in cider?
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Golen Russett
Kinston Black Apple Stoke Red Dymock Red Harrison Cider Apple Campfield Hewe's Virginia Crab Yates |
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What types of apples are used in cider?
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Sweets - Low in tannins and acidity
Sharps - High in acidity and low in tannins Bittersweets - Low in acidity and high in tannins Bittersharps - High in acid and tannin |
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How can pear juice be used in cider?
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Cider from pear juice is called perry
Some locales allow pear to be mixed with apple to make cider |
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How was cider traditionally produced?
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Grinding apples into pulp, then putting it into a press, layering it in cheeses (sweet straw or hair clorths between layers of pomace, alternating with slatted wood racks)
Strained through a coarse hair sieve and then fermented at low temperatures Racked when almost completely fermented, then has secondary fermentation Can also be done MT |
