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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Organelle from which genetic information is transcribed into RNA for use in protein synthesis in the cytoplasm
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nucleus
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has these major components: chromatin, nuclear matrix, nuycleoli, and nuclear membrane
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nucleus
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where ribosomal DNA is transcribed into ribosomal RNA
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nucleolus
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where you'd find chromosome tips
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nucleolus.. tips of ~5 pairs of our chromosomes have the rRNA genes that the nucleolus will use DNA and transcribe it to rRNA
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recognizable in EM by fibrillar (DNA transcribing RNA) and granular appearance (maturing ribosomes)
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nucleolus
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structure continuous with the perinuclear cistern
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RER
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carries out the TCA, fatty acid cycle, and urea cycle
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mitochondria
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the amount of this organelle in a cell woudl correlate to the oxidative energy requirements
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mitochrondria
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functions as a protected site for the synthesis of the polypeptide chain encoded in the mRNA and to participate in the assembly of the proper aa necessary to form this protein
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ribosome
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these translate proteins associated with the cell's own use
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free polysomes (ribosomes)
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these are associated with synthesis of proteins for export AND with synthesis of integral membrane proteins
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attached polysomes (RER ribosomes)
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an important function is to serve as the entrance to the vesicular transport pathway
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SER and RER
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synthesis of membrane proteins
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RER
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synthesis of secreted proteins and proteins destined for the lumen of various organelles such as peroxisomes lysosome and golgi
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RER
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phopholipid syntehsis, cholesterol syntehsis, steroid hormone synthesis
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SER
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detoxification and the regulation of cytoplasmic calcium levels
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SER
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important in muscle cells for the regulation of calcium ion concentration
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SER or in this case known as the sarcoplasmic reticulum
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high concentration of this organelle in leydig cells which are in the testis and involved in synthesis of the testosterone
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testosterone is a steroid hormone
SER |
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responsible for directing proteins to their proper locations
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GA
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responsible for modifying secretory lysosomal and some membrane proteins
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GA
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usually found together with the nucleus and centrioles because of its importance in proper cell function
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GA
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enzymes in the _______ glycosylate the protein by addition of oligosaccharides. This core glycosylation is N linked to asp. In the ___________ many of the sugars are removed before other residues such as fucose and sialic acid are added (terminal glycosylation)
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RER
GA The particular pattern of added sugars seems to be an important signal giving the address for the final destination of the protein |
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the cell's waste processing and recycling centers
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lysosomes
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_______ is caused by exposure to injury, cancer, toxins, and inflammation and is characterized by DNA hydrolysis and cell lysis
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cell death/necrosis
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what are the two kinds of PCD
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apoptosis type I
autophagy type II |
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_____ invovles a sequence of biochemical events leading to a characteristic cell morphjology and death
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apoptosis
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______ is engulfment of cells of debris before PCD
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autophagy
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what is the difference between necrosis and PCD
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necrosis damages the organism where PCD does not
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what are the morphological hallmarks of apoptosis
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cell and nuclear shrinkage
nuclear condensation and fragmentation |
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name three times when apoptosis occurs in the body
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during embryo (get ride of webbed feet)
throughout live (hematopoietic system) reproduction (hormonal, mammary glands) |
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what regulates apoptosis?
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caspase activators
caspase inhibitors |
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give two examples of apoptosis gone wrong.
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cancer
degenerative diseases like PD |
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what plays a role in cell survival during starvation
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autophagy (PCD type II) because organelles are recycled to provide nutrients to the cell
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T or F. autophagy occurs in the absence of caspase activity in several mechanism
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autophagy
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