Cset Subtest 2 Science-Physical Science

Front 1

Matter

Back 1

Everything that has volume and mass; Made up of atoms or molecules.
1. Solid
2. Liquid
3. Gas
4. Plasma

Front 2

Temperature

Back 2

Measure of the average kinetic energy, or vibration, of the particles of a material.

Front 3

Boiling Point of Water

Back 3

100 degrees C

Front 4

Freezing Point

Back 4

0 degrees C

Front 5

Physical Properties

Back 5

Color, density, hardness, and conductivity.

Front 6

Atoms

Back 6

Protons and neutrons found inside the nucleus. Electrons are found in the outer portion of an atom.
Most atoms have equal numbers of protons ad electrons, therefore no net charge.

Front 7

Ions

Back 7

Charged atoms. (atoms with unequal numbers of protons and electrons have net positive or negative charges

Front 8

Atomic Mass

Back 8

Number of protons and neutrons in an atom. Helium has 2 protons and 2 neutrons giving it an atomic mass of 4

Front 9

Element

Back 9

Material made of just on type of atom. (C, Na); assigned an atomic number equal to the number of protons in an atom of that element; Classified into groups, periods, and families

Front 10

Molecules

Back 10

Two or more atoms.

Front 11

The Periodic Table

Back 11

Listing of all the elements in order according to their atomic number; Elements are grouped vertically according to chemical properties; A reference tool used to summarize the atomic structure, mass, and reactive tendencies of elements.

Front 12

Compounds

Back 12

Two or more elements May be represented by using atomic symbols and numbers. Numbers show how many atoms of each type are in the molecule. H20 shows that a molecule of water contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom..
**Formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements with a fixed ratio.

Front 13

Organic

Back 13

Chemical compounds containing carbon.

Front 14

Inorganic

Back 14

Chemical compounds without carbon.

Front 15

Mixtures

Back 15

Materials made of two or more compounds or elements; can be separated by physical means-evaporation or sifting.

Front 16

Liquid/Gas Mixtures

Back 16

Suspensions, colloids, or solutions.

Front 17

Suspensions

Back 17

Particles that settle out unless the mixture is stirred (dust in the air is a suspension)

Front 18

Colloids

Back 18

Particles large enough to scatter light, but small enough to remain suspended without stirring (Milk)

Front 19

Solutions

Back 19

Particles small that they do not scatter light. They are transparent to light and do not settle.
Salt in sea water, air, rubbing alcohol.

Front 20

Base/water Solutions

Back 20

1. Conducting Electrically
2. Change red litmus paper to blue.
3. Reacts with acid solutions to form a neutralizing salt
4. Feeling slippery with strong solutions caustic to the skin.
(Baking soda and Lime)
pH 7-14; alkeline and have hydroxide ions.

Front 21

Acid/Water Solution

Back 21

1. Conducting electrically
2. Reacting strongly with metals
3. Changing blue litmus to pink
4. Reacting with base solutions to forma neutralizing salt.
pH 0-7 and have hydrogen ions present.
Lemmon juice, vinegar, battery acid.
Corrosive and taste sour

Front 22

Chemical Reaction

Back 22

Compounds breaking apart, combine, or recombine to form new compounds.
1. Synthesis
2. Decompostion
3. Single Replacement
4. Double Replacement
Think of alca seltzer tablets being dropped in water.

Front 23

Synthesis

Back 23

Two or more chemicals combine to form a new chemical.

Front 24

Decomposition

Back 24

One chemical breaks down to release two or more chemicals.

Front 25

Single Replacement

Back 25

A compound decomposing and one of its constituent chemicals joining another chemical to make a new compound.

Front 26

Double Replacement

Back 26

Two compounds decompose and their constituents recombine to form two new compounds.

Front 27

Speed

Back 27

The time-rate of displacement.
Speed= Distance/time
V=d/t

Front 28

Velocity

Back 28

Speed in a given direction. The rateof change with postiion with time.
v=d/t

Front 29

Acceleration

Back 29

Rate that applies to decreasing speed as well as an increasing speed;
The rate of change with velocity with time.
Applies to the change of direction. The amount of acceleration is directly proportional to the acting force and inversely proportional to mass.
A= change of velocity/time
A=f/m: Newton's second law of motion

Front 30

Momentum

Back 30

Tendency of an object to continue in its direction of motion.
momentum = mass x speed

Front 31

Energy

Back 31

The ability to do work. heat, light, sound, chemical, magnetic, solar, electrical, solar radiation.
Hairy Long Spiders can Make sparkly energetic shirts.

Front 32

Potential Energy

Back 32

Stored through a chemical structure, position, or physical configuration.
Rock at rest

Front 33

Kinetic Energy

Back 33

Energy of motion. Light, sound, and heat. Energy can be transformed, but it never is created or destroyed.
Rock in motion.

Front 34

Work

Back 34

Exerting a force on an object over a distance.
Work= force X distance

Front 35

Heat

Back 35

Travels through three paths: conduction, convection, and radiation.

Front 36

Conduction

Back 36

Occurs when hot material comes in contact with a cold one. Heat moves from a hot material into a cold material until the temperature of both is equal.

Front 37

Convection

Back 37

Density change caused by heating. Warm air (less dense) rises, cools down (more dense) and sinks.

Front 38

Radiation

Back 38

Heat that spreads out from a very hot source into the surrounding material; carried by electromagnetic waves; travels in straight lines in all directions from its source
Radiant heat: wood stoves and light bulbs in homes

Front 39

Conductors

Back 39

Materials which transmit heat well. Metals

Front 40

Mass

Back 40

The measure of the amount of matter in an object/chemical substance.

Front 41

Power

Back 41

Work done per unit time.
Power=work done/time interval.
Measured in watts.

Front 42

Simple Machines

Back 42

1. Inclined Plane (Ramp)
2. Screw (Cork screw, threads on bolts.)
3. Lever (seesaw, automobile jack)
4. Wheel and axle (Door Knob, bicycle)
5. Pulley (Fan belt)

Front 43

Waves

Back 43

Characterized by wavelength, speed, and frequency. Either transverse or longitudinal.

Front 44

Transverse Waves

Back 44

The wave disturbance (amplitude) is perpendicular to the direction of propagation; When a rock is tossed into a still pond; Light or electromagnetic radiation is also a transverse wave. Always moving up and down.

Front 45

Longitudinal Waves

Back 45

Disturbances are parallel to the direction of propagation. Sound is a longitudinal wave. These waves are always moving left to right.

Front 46

Efficiency

Back 46

%efficiency= work done/energy used x 100

Front 47

Wavelength

Back 47

The distance between crests or troughs of waves.

Front 48

Frequency

Back 48

The number of crests or troughs that move past a point per second. Measured in (Hz)
Frequency = speed/wavelength.

Front 49

Sound

Back 49

Caused by a vibration of objects; vibration of objects creates waves of disturbance that can travel through air and most other materials. If the sound waves hit your ear drum-you hear sound.
1. Pitch
2. Loudness
3. Intensity
4. Speed

Front 50

Pitch

Back 50

Related to frequency. High pitches have high frequencies.

Front 51

Loudness

Back 51

Related to wave amplitude. Loud sounds have big amplitudes.

Front 52

Sound Intensity

Back 52

Measured in decibels. Related to amplitude and frequency of sound waves. Loud, high-pitched music has a much greater intensity than quiet low-pitched music.

Front 53

Speed of Sound

Back 53

Related to their medium. Sound travels more quickly through more dense materials (solids, liquids) than less dense materials (gases). Sound does travel through a vacuum.

Front 54

Light/Types of light

Back 54

Type of electromagnetic wave.
Radio, Micro, Infrared light visible light, ultraviolet light, x-rays, gamma rays (listed from low frequency/long wavelength to high frequency/ short wavelength.)

Rocky Mt. Inchworms use x-ray glasses
Travels more quickly than sound (300,000 km/sec); pass through a vacuum.
Moving from on material to another, light can be transmitted, absorbed, reflected, or refracted.

Front 55

Reflected Rays

Back 55

Light rays going out of a mirror.

Front 56

Transmission

Back 56

Allows light to pass directly through it. Water, glass.

Front 57

Absorbed Light

Back 57

Opaque objects absorb light -wood.

Front 58

REFRACTION

Back 58

Bending of light-light moving from one material to another air to water. Mirages are a form of refracted light.

Front 59

Rainbow

Back 59

Spectrum caused when light passes from dry air into very humid air.

Front 60

Protons

Back 60

Positively charged particles in an atom.

Front 61

Electrons

Back 61

Negatively charged particles (part of the atom) They are loosely attached to atoms and may leave one atom to join another.
May not be destroyed; may flow through certain materials. The flow of electrons produce and electrical current.

Front 62

Conductors

Back 62

materials that let electrons flow freely (metal, water).

Front 63

Insulators

Back 63

Materials that do not let electrons flow freely (glass, rubber, air).

Front 64

Electricity

Back 64

Flows from areas of high electrons to areas of few electrons. Form of energy that can be used to produce sound, light and heat power; exists where the number of electrons does not precisely equal the number of positive protons.

Front 65

Circuit

Back 65

The path along which electrons flow.

Front 66

Direct Current Circuit

Back 66

DC-electrons flow in one direction only.

Front 67

Alternating current

Back 67

AC-Type of current supplied over power lines; changes direction many times per second

Front 68

Series Circuit

Back 68

made of a single pathway, through which all current must flow-Christmas tree lights-one light goes out, all lights go out because current is disrupted for the entire string.

Front 69

Parallel circuits

Back 69

Provide ;more than one pathway for current to flow. If one of the pathwats is opened, so that current cannot flow in it, the current will continue to move through the other paths. Most circuits that are in our paths are wired in parallel.

Front 70

Fuses

Back 70

Safety devices that limit the current flow in a circuit; work by passing current through a thin metal ribbon; when current exceeds the capacity of the fuse, the metal ribbon melts, leaving an open circuit which a=cannot carry current.

Front 71

Circuit Breakers

Back 71

Safety device; Use magnets and bimetallic strips to open circuits if current becomes too great; can be reused again.

Front 72

Volts

Back 72

Measure work done as electrons move from one point to another within a circuit.
Volts = amperes x ohmes

Front 73

Amperes

Back 73

Measure the current of flow of charge, through a circuit.

Front 74

Ohms

Back 74

Measure the resistance to flow of electrons.

Front 75

Watts

Back 75

Measure electrical power of consumption;
One watt= one joule per second of power (one newton-meter per second) One watt of energy can lift an object weighing one newton over one meter in a second.

Front 76

Kilowatt-hour

Back 76

The amount of energy used in one hour by one kilowatt of power.
Power = current x voltage, or 1 watt = 1 ampere x 1 volt

Front 77

Magnet

Back 77

Solids that attract iron, steel, nickel, and cobalt; all magnets have a north and south pole.

Front 78

Iodestones

Back 78

Naturally occurring magnets.

Front 79

Magnetic Forces

Back 79

Created in regions in magnets called magnetic poles.

Front 80

Magnetic Poles

Back 80

North and South Poles; North repels north pole of another magnetic (same for south poles0 But south will attract north pole.

Front 81

Magnetic Field

Back 81

Area affected by magnetic force surrounds both poles of a magnet; can be created by an electric current.

Front 82

Electromagnets

Back 82

Create large magnetic fields with electric current

Front 83

Density

Back 83

Density= mass/volume

Front 84

Scratch Hardness

Back 84

Properties of matter in the solid phase that give it a high resistance to its shape changing when force is applied.

Front 85

Scratch Hardness

Back 85

Resistance to fracture or plastic deformation due to friction from a sharp object.

Front 86

Indentation Hardness

Back 86

Resistance to plastic deformation due to constant load from a sharp object

Front 87

Rebound Hardness

Back 87

Height of the bounce of an object dropped on the material, related to elsticity.

Front 88

Mohs' Scale

Back 88

Rates minerals and puts them on a scale from 1 to 10. 1 is the softest, 10 is the hardest.

Front 89

Physical Changes

Back 89

DO NOT INVOLVE one substance changing into another. Water can change from a gas to liquid to a solid, but water molecules do not change.

Front 90

Chemical changes

Back 90

Occurs when a substance is changed into something else; occurs whenever compounds are formed or decomposed-rearrangment of atoms that makes or breaks the bond-not reversible. (formation of rust-iron interacts with air and is unable to change back to iron.
Changes from one substance into a different substance.

Front 91

pH

Back 91

Measure of acidity in a solution.

Front 92

Litmus

Back 92

Water -soluable mixture of different dyes extracted from lichens. Blue litmus paper turns red under acidic conditions. Red litmus paper turns blue under alkaline conditions

Front 93

Kilo

Back 93

A unit 1000 x's

Front 94

Milli

Back 94

Denotes a unit 1/1000 of the basic unti.

Front 95

Newton's First Law of Motion (Law of Inertia)

Back 95

A body at rest will remain at rest, while a body moving in a straight line will continue to move in a straight line with uniform speed.

Front 96

Newton's second Law of Motion

Back 96

The acceleration of an object is proportional to the force applied-the more force, the more acceleration.

Front 97

Newton's Third Law of Motion

Back 97

Every action (applied) there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Reaction: Balloon goes up. Action: Air rushed down.

Front 98

Gravitation

Back 98

A natural phenomenon by which objects with mass attract one another; accounts for the the earth, the sun; it is responsible for keeping the earth and the other planets in their orbits around the sun, for keeping the moon in its orbits around the earth; for the formation of tides

Front 99

Simple Machine

Back 99

Mechanical device that changes the direction or magnitude of force-there is a mechanical advantage resulting in less force applied over a greater distance

Front 100

Lever

Back 100

A rigid object that is used with an appropriate fulcrum or pivot point to multiply the mechanical force that can be applied to another object. wheelbarrow, scissors

Front 101

Pulley

Back 101

Used to change direction of an applied force, transmit rotational motion, or realize a mechanical advantage in either a linear or rotational system of motion.

Front 102

Inclined Plan

Back 102

The amount of force required reduced at the expense of increasing the distance the object must travel.
The mechanical advantage is the ratio of the length of the sloped surface to the height it spans.

Front 103

Screw

Back 103

All screws are inclined planes-it can convert a rotational force to a linear force.

Front 104

Static Electricity

Back 104

Electrical Charges buildup or increase on the surface of a material-electrical outlets.
On dry winter days, static electricity can build up in our bodies and cause a spark to jump from our bodies to pieces of metal or other people's bodies.

Front 105

Nuclear Fission

Back 105

Releases energy when a heavy nucleus splits into smaller fragments-Used in power plants and atomic bombs.

Front 106

Nuclear Fusion

Back 106

Yields energy when very light nuclei untie to a heavier nucleus. Stars derive their energy from nuclear fusion.

Front 107

Celsius

Back 107

c=5/9(F-32)
0 degrees is freezing and 100 degrees is boiling point.

Front 108

Fahrenheit

Back 108

F=9/5c + 32
32 degrees=freezing
212 = boiling point

Front 109

Reflection

Back 109

Occurs when light travels in straight lines; The change in direction of a wave front at an interface between two different media so that the wave front returns to the medium from which it originated.

Front 110

Law of Reflection

Back 110

Smooth surfaces, the angle at which light is incident on the surface equals the angle at which it is reflected.

Front 111

Charles Law

Back 111

If the pressure of a gas remains constant, the volume of the gas will increase as the temperature increases.
Thus if the temperature increases, the gas takes up more space. If the temperature decreases, the gas takes up less space.