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192 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pelopnnesian League |
an alliance of states in the Peloponnese in the 6th and 5th centuries BC. |
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Augustus
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First emperor of the roman empire; Ceasars nephew and adopted son; Formed the secon Triumvirated in 43 bce-Octavian getting Rome
Introduced many reforms, including new coinage, new tax collection, fire and police protection, and land for settlers in the province. |
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World History
Early Civilzations |
1. The Near East
2. Selected acheivements of Mesopotamia civilaztions 3. Unique contributions of smaller civilizations of the near east. 4. Egypt established a civilization in the Nile Valley (3000 BC). |
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Four River Valley Civilizations
Southwest Asia |
1. Tigris and Euphrates river
2. Mesopotamia 3. Writing (Cunieform) 4. Organized Govt. 5. Written law Code (Hammurabi's Code) 6. Systematized religon (Zoroastrianism) 7. Astronomy/Astrology |
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Four River Valley Civilizations
Northeastern Africa |
1. Banks of the Nile River; Mediterranean and red seas
2. Egypt. 3. Complex religon of gods, rituals, and governance (pharoh) 4. Writing (Heirglyphics) 5. Engineering and building (Pyramids) 6. Mathematics |
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Four River Valley Civilizations
Southern Asia |
1. Indus and Ga nges Rivers; Arabian Sea
2. India 3. Urban Culture 4. Planned cities (citywide sanitation systems) 5. Metallurgy (gold, copper, tin, bronze) 6. Measurement (weight, time, Length, Mass) |
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World History
The Near East |
1. The Ancient Near East comprised of the Tigris and Euphrates valley, the Fertile Crescent, and the Nile Valley
2. Cultural contributions associated with the ancient Near East. a. The first system of independent states b. the first system of writing (cuneiform and hieroglyphics) c. the first massive architectual acheivements (ziggurat and pyramid) d. the first lasting monotheism e. the beginning of science, math, and astronomy f. the codification of law |
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World History
Selected Acheivements of Mesopotamia civilizations Sumerians |
1. The Sumerians were the creators of Mesopotamia civilization (3500 - 3000 BC)
a. material progress included large scale irrigation projects, an advanced system of math, and the invention of the wheel, cuneiform. b. the ziggurat was the center of community life and served as a temple, storehouse, and treasury c. Sargon established t he first empire (c. 2371 BC) |
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World History
Selected Acheivements of Mesopotamia civilizations Babylonians |
1. The Babylonians conquered Sumeria and established a new empire (2300 - 1750 BC)
a. The code of Hammurabi was the universal written code that regulated society (1750s BC) b. Babylonian acheivements included centralized govt. and advancements in algebra and geometry |
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World History
Selected Acheivements of Mesopotamia civilizations Hittites |
1. The Hittites (2000 - 1200 BC) conquered much of Asia minor and northern Mesopotamia; a major contrubution included the invention of iron smelting, which revolutionized warfare.
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World History
Selected Acheivements of Mesopotamia civilizations Assyrians |
1. The Assyrians created an empire based on military superiority, conquest, and terrorism (911 - 538 BC)
a. Military techniques included seige warfare, intimidation, and the use of iron weapons. b. Assyria created a centralized govt, a postal service, an extensive library, and a system of highways |
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World History
Selected Acheivements of Mesopotamia civilizations The Chaldeans |
1. The Chaldeans established the "New Babylonian" empire uner Nebuchadnezzar (605 - 538 BC)
a. They conquered Mesopotamia, Syria, and Palestine b. They developed astrology, astronomy, advanced govt bureacracym and architectual acheivements such as the Hanging Gardens |
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World History
Selected Acheivements of Mesopotamia civilizations The Chaldeans |
1. The Chaldeans established the "New Babylonian" empire uner Nebuchadnezzar (605 - 538 BC)
a. They conquered Mesopotamia, Syria, and Palestine b. They developed astrology, astronomy, advanced govt bureacracym and architectual acheivements such as the Hanging Gardens |
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World History
Selected Acheivements of Mesopotamia civilizations Persians |
1. Persians attempted to unify the entire Near East under one rule (500s BC)
a. established an international govt b. Zoroastrianism was an ehtical religion based on concepts of good and evil c. Persia failed to conquer the Greeks. eventually conquered by Alexander the Great (334-331 bc) |
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World History
Selected Acheivements of Mesopotamia civilizations Persians |
1. Persians attempted to unify the entire Near East under one rule (500s BC)
a. established an international govt b. Zoroastrianism was an ehtical religion based on concepts of good and evil c. Persia failed to conquer the Greeks. eventually conquered by Alexander the Great (334-331 bc) |
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World History
Unique Contributions of smaller civilizations of the Near East Phoenicians |
1. Phoenicians became the first explorers, traders, and colonizers of the ancient world; civilization reached its peak in 1000 BC
a. invented the first true alphabet b. dominated Mediterranean commerce and exported manufactured glass and purple dye (royal purple) |
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World History
Unique Contributions of smaller civilizations of the Near East Lydians |
1. Lydians occupied western Asia Minor (500s BC)
a. culture reached its zenith under King Croesus (golden king) b. responsible for first coinage of money |
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World History
Unique Contributions of smaller civilizations of the Near East Israelites |
1. Israelites established first lasting monotheism
a. Saul established the first kingdom in Palestine (c. 1030 - 1010 BC) b. after death of Solomon (922 BC), the hebrews were divided into two kingdoms (Israel and Judah) c. Disunity and conquest resulted in the destruction of Israel (722 BC) and Judah (586 BC) d. the revolt of the israelites against rome resulted in destruction of Jerusalem (AD 70) and the forced dispersal of the Jews from Palestine (Jewish Diaspora, c. A.D. 132 - 135) |
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World History
Egypt established a civilization in the Nile Valley (3000 BC) |
1. defensible borders generally spared egypt from the repeated political disruptions characteristic of mesopotamia.
2. egyptian history can be broadly outlined in specific time periods that reflect the changes taking place in egypt over a 3000 year period 3. significant aspects of egyptian civilization a. life was dominated by concerns of the afterlife, religion, and the pharaoh b. medical advances and specialized surgery were major contributions c. invented a heiroglyphic writing system d. commerce flourished throughout arabia, india, and part of africa e. agriculture was the basis of the economy f. monumental architecture reflected remarkable building and engineering feats, as well as mathematical precision g. annual flooding of the nile was the basis for sustained economy, nile had an impact on all egyptian society. |
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Greek Contributions: 4000-323 B.C.
Organized Warfare |
1. Mycenae; Saparta
2. Phyalanx |
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Greek Contributions: 4000-323 B.C.
Literature |
1. Epic Poetry (lliad; Odyssey)
2. Plays (drama, tradgedy, comedy) |
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Greek Contributions: 4000-323 B.C.
History |
1. Herodotus (The Persian War)
2. The peloponnesian War |
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Greek Contributions: 4000-323 B.C.
Architecture |
1. Columns and Colonnades
2. Parthenon |
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Greek Contributions: 4000-323 B.C.
Arts |
1. Theater
2. Sculpture 3. Decorative Pottery |
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Greek Contributions: 4000-323 B.C.
Government |
1. Democracy (Athens)
2. Oligarchy (Sparta) 3. Bureaucracy (Alexander the Great |
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World History
The Greek World |
1. Greece is a land of mountains separated by deep valleys
2. Aegean background includes Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations 3. Greek civilization was dominated by Athens and Sparta 4. The Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC) devastated both Sparta and Athens (and their Greek city-state allies) 5. Alexander the Great (356-323 BC) of Macedonia established the Hellenic Age (fusion of Greek culture with the east) 6. Contributions of the Greek World |
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World History
Greek History Greece is a land of mountains separated by deep valleys |
1. scarcity of good agricultural land encouraged seafaring in eastern greece.
2. southern mainland, with adequate ag resources, relied on farming |
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World History
Greek History The Aegean background includes the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations |
1. minoan civilazation of greece (c 4000 - 1400 bc) based its prosperity on extensive commerce
2. mycenaean civilization (c 2000 - 1150 bc) developed heavily fortified cities and based prosperity on trade and warfare. a. dorians conquered the peloponnesus (peninsula of southern greece) and ushered a dark age characterized by violence and instability (c. 1150 - 800 bc) b. ionia became the birthplace for the hellenic civilization |
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World History
Greek History Greek Civilization was dominated by Athens and Sparta |
1. Direct democracy was established in Athens (c. 507 BC)
2. The Age of Pericles (460 - 429 BC) represented the zenith of athenian society and height of its democracy 3. athens would become a world commericial center and cosmopolitan city 4. sparta developed a totalitarian and militaristic state dependent on slave labor to sustain its ag system 5. after defeating persians, conflict between athens and sparta dominated greek politics |
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World History
Greek History The Peleponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) devastated both Athens and SParta (and their greek city state allies) |
1. sparta was victorious but unable to unite the greek city states
2. greek individualism was a catalyst in the collapse of greek city state alliances |
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World History
Greek History Alexander the Great (356-323 BC) of Macedonia established the Hellenic Age (the fusion of the greek culture with the east) |
1. alexander conquered persia, asia minor, egypt and established a world empire
2. bureacracy replaced the polis (city state) as the form of govt |
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World History
Greek History Contributions of the Greek World |
1. founded most of the major philosophical schools, established systematic basis for the scientific method, and perfected advances in shipbuilding and commerce
2. established democracy and system of law to improve society 3. in architecture, sculpture, art, literature, and the performing arts, the greeks were dominant |
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How were ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia different?
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in egypt nile flood was predictable
in mesopotamia floods were often unpredictable and destructive egypts natural barriers (desert and sea) as well as its isolation from other civilizations greatly hindered foreign invaders mesopotamia's flat plains invited invasion egypt remained a distinct politcal entity mesopotamia had a succession of power (sumeria, babylonia, assyrians, persia, etc) |
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World History
THe ROman World |
1. The Roman Republic (509-27 BC) started after Etruscan control was overthrown
2. The Roman Empire lasted for five centuries. 3. Roman contributions to the western world |
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World History
The Roman World The Roman Republic (509-27 BC) started after Etruscan control was overthrown |
1. Roman society was divided into the patricians (propertied class), plebians (main body of roman citizens), and slaves
2. Roman govt was bases on consuls, the senate, and the centurial assembly 3. roman army became the most powerful military organization in the world 4. after the punic wars with carthage (146 bc) rome emerged as the dominant power in the mediterranean. a.rome incorporated greek culture into its empire b. rome expansion resulted in a world republic 5. economic and political decline and repeated civil wars ravaged the roman republic a. caesar was assassinated in 44 bc b. augustus became the first emperor of the roman empire 27 bc |
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World History
The Roman Empire The Roman Empire lasted for five centuries |
1. The Pax Romana (Roman Peace) was two centureies without a major was (27 bc - ad 180)
2. by the end of the second century, ad rome was in economic and political decline, which weakened the empire 3. constantine attempted to stem the tide a. the empire split into the western and eastern roman empires b. barbarian invasions by the goths, vandals, and huns devastated rome and it fell in ad 476 c. the eastern roman empire at constantinople remained intact; byzantium survived until 1453 4. causes for the fall of rome a. immediate cause was a continuous barbaric invasion b. internatal factors included politcal instability, decreasing farm production, inflation, excessive taxation, and the decline of the military, including the use of mercenaries. c. the rise of christianity divided the empire. |
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World History
The Roman Empire The Roman Empire lasted for five centuries |
1. The Pax Romana (Roman Peace) was two centureies without a major was (27 bc - ad 180)
2. by the end of the second century, ad rome was in economic and political decline, which weakened the empire 3. constantine attempted to stem the tide a. the empire split into the western and eastern roman empires b. barbarian invasions by the goths, vandals, and huns devastated rome and it fell in ad 476 c. the eastern roman empire at constantinople remained intact; byzantium survived until 1453 4. causes for the fall of rome a. immediate cause was a continuous barbaric invasion b. internatal factors included politcal instability, decreasing farm production, inflation, excessive taxation, and the decline of the military, including the use of mercenaries. c. the rise of christianity divided the empire. |
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World History
The Roman Empire roman contributions to the western world |
. greatest was in the field of law
2. revolutionized building construction, engineering, and road construction (200,000 miles of roads) 3. monumental architecture (colosseum, aqueducts) 4. continued greek tradition in literature, art, sculpture, and the humanities. |
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World History
The Roman Empire roman contributions to the western world |
. greatest was in the field of law
2. revolutionized building construction, engineering, and road construction (200,000 miles of roads) 3. monumental architecture (colosseum, aqueducts) 4. continued greek tradition in literature, art, sculpture, and the humanities. |
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World History
The Rise of Christianity |
1. Basic Doctrines
2. Reasons for the spread of Christianity (the rome period |
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World History
The Rise of Christianity |
1. Basic Doctrines
2. Reasons for the spread of Christianity (the rome period |
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World History
The Rise of Christianity Basic Doctrines |
1. Christianity began with the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth (compassion for the poor and downtrodden)
2. Emphasized the Holy Bible as the word of God, the sacrements as the instruments of god's grace, and the importance of moral life for salvation. 3. Paul the Apostle was responsible for the spread of Christian theology and the resulting response from the Roman Empire 4. St. Augustine (A.D. 354-430) became the first great christian philosopher; wrote confessions and city of god |
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World History
The Rise of Christianity Reasons for the spread of Christianity (the Rome Period) |
1. individual conviction in one's belief (solidarity) had grown during the Roman persecution period.
2. efficiency and organization of the early church administration 3. doctrines that stressed equality and immortality 4. conversion of constantine to christianity (AD 313) 5. establishment of christianity as the official Roman religion (AD 380) 6. establishment of the supremacy of the pope at the time imperial Rome was disintegrating |
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Byzantine Accomplishments
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1. Greek Language nd cultural accomplishments preserved.
2. Center for world trade and exchange of culture 3. Codification of Roman Law (Justinian Code 4. Eastern Church (Greek Orthodox) converted Slavic people to Christianity 5. New focus for art; glorification |
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World History
The Rise of Christianity Basic Doctrines |
1. Christianity began with the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth (compassion for the poor and downtrodden)
2. Emphasized the Holy Bible as the word of God, the sacrements as the instruments of god's grace, and the importance of moral life for salvation. 3. Paul the Apostle was responsible for the spread of Christian theology and the resulting response from the Roman Empire 4. St. Augustine (A.D. 354-430) became the first great christian philosopher; wrote confessions and city of god |
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World History
The Early Byzantine Civilization |
1. Constantine established a "New Rome" at Constantinople AD 330
2. Reasons for the Byzantine Empire's success (empire lasted for 1000 years) 3. reasons for the decline of the Byzantine Empire 4. Acheivements of the Byzantine Empire |
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World History
The Rise of Christianity Reasons for the spread of Christianity (the Rome Period) |
1. individual conviction in one's belief (solidarity) had grown during the Roman persecution period.
2. efficiency and organization of the early church administration 3. doctrines that stressed equality and immortality 4. conversion of constantine to christianity (AD 313) 5. establishment of christianity as the official Roman religion (AD 380) 6. establishment of the supremacy of the pope at the time imperial Rome was disintegrating |
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World History
THe Early Byzantine Civilization Constantinople established a "New Rome" at Constantinople in AD 330 |
. Constantinople was strategically located, had excellent defensable borders, and was a crossroads of world trade
2. With the fall of Rome (476 AD) the Eastern Roman Empire became known as the Byzantine Empire. |
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Byzantine Accomplishments
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1. Greek Language nd cultural accomplishments preserved.
2. Center for world trade and exchange of culture 3. Codification of Roman Law (Justinian Code 4. Eastern Church (Greek Orthodox) converted Slavic people to Christianity 5. New focus for art; glorification |
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World History
The Early Byzantine Civilization |
1. Constantine established a "New Rome" at Constantinople AD 330
2. Reasons for the Byzantine Empire's success (empire lasted for 1000 years) 3. reasons for the decline of the Byzantine Empire 4. Acheivements of the Byzantine Empire |
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World History
THe Early Byzantine Civilization Constantinople established a "New Rome" at Constantinople in AD 330 |
. Constantinople was strategically located, had excellent defensable borders, and was a crossroads of world trade
2. With the fall of Rome (476 AD) the Eastern Roman Empire became known as the Byzantine Empire. |
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World History
The Early Byzantine Civilization Reasons for the Byzantine Empire's success (it lasted 1000 years) |
1. economic prosperity was based on domination of commercial trade routes controlled by Constantinople and a monopoly of the silk trade.
2. Byzantines made excellent use of diplomacy to avoid invasions and they were geographically distant from the tribes who sacked Rome. 3. Codification of Roman law by Justinian (AD 528 - 565) strengthened bureacracy 4. Constantinople was a fortress city with excellent defensible borders |
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World History
The Early Byzantine Civilization Reasons for the Decline of the Byzantine Empire |
1. geographic proximity to the Arabs, Slavs, and Seljuk Turks, all whom were becoming more powerful
2. loss of commericial dominance over the Italians 3. religious controversy with the West and a subsequent split with the Roman Catholic Church 4. sack of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusades 5. the fall of Constantinople (1453) marked the end of the Byzanting Empire |
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World History
The Early Byzantine Civilization Acheivements of the Byzantine Empire |
1. preserved the heritage of Greco-Roman civilization while the west was culturally stagnant
2. spread civilization to all of eastern Europe 3. preserved the Eastern orthodox church 4. economic strength was based on the stability of its money economy |
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World History
The Rise of Islam The Muslim Empire and The Rise of Islam |
1. based on the teachings of Mohammed (AS 570 -632)
a. spread of Islam started in 7th Century AD b. Koran became center of Islamic moral and ethical conduct c. Mohammad established a theocracy based on Islamic law |
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World History
The Rise of Islam The Muslim Empire and The Rise of Islam |
2. Muslim empire was ruled by Arab caliphs
a. Arabs conquered much of Byzantine Empire and Persian empires, including North Africa, Spain 1. Battle of Tours (AD 732) resulted in Franks halting Moslem expansion in Europe 2. Moslem Spain lasted from AD 711 to 1031 |
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World History
The Early Byzantine Civilization Reasons for the Byzantine Empire's success (it lasted 1000 years) |
1. economic prosperity was based on domination of commercial trade routes controlled by Constantinople and a monopoly of the silk trade.
2. Byzantines made excellent use of diplomacy to avoid invasions and they were geographically distant from the tribes who sacked Rome. 3. Codification of Roman law by Justinian (AD 528 - 565) strengthened bureacracy 4. Constantinople was a fortress city with excellent defensible borders |
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World History
The Early Byzantine Civilization Reasons for the Decline of the Byzantine Empire |
1. geographic proximity to the Arabs, Slavs, and Seljuk Turks, all whom were becoming more powerful
2. loss of commericial dominance over the Italians 3. religious controversy with the West and a subsequent split with the Roman Catholic Church 4. sack of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusades 5. the fall of Constantinople (1453) marked the end of the Byzanting Empire |
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World History
The Early Byzantine Civilization Acheivements of the Byzantine Empire |
1. preserved the heritage of Greco-Roman civilization while the west was culturally stagnant
2. spread civilization to all of eastern Europe 3. preserved the Eastern orthodox church 4. economic strength was based on the stability of its money economy |
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World History
The Rise of Islam The Muslim Empire and The Rise of Islam |
1. based on the teachings of Mohammed (AS 570 -632)
a. spread of Islam started in 7th Century AD b. Koran became center of Islamic moral and ethical conduct c. Mohammad established a theocracy based on Islamic law |
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World History
The Rise of Islam The Muslim Empire and The Rise of Islam |
2. Muslim empire was ruled by Arab caliphs
a. Arabs conquered much of Byzantine Empire and Persian empires, including North Africa, Spain 1. Battle of Tours (AD 732) resulted in Franks halting Moslem expansion in Europe 2. Moslem Spain lasted from AD 711 to 1031 |
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World History
The Early Byzantine Civilization Reasons for the Byzantine Empire's success (it lasted 1000 years) |
1. economic prosperity was based on domination of commercial trade routes controlled by Constantinople and a monopoly of the silk trade.
2. Byzantines made excellent use of diplomacy to avoid invasions and they were geographically distant from the tribes who sacked Rome. 3. Codification of Roman law by Justinian (AD 528 - 565) strengthened bureacracy 4. Constantinople was a fortress city with excellent defensible borders |
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World History
The Early Byzantine Civilization Reasons for the Decline of the Byzantine Empire |
1. geographic proximity to the Arabs, Slavs, and Seljuk Turks, all whom were becoming more powerful
2. loss of commericial dominance over the Italians 3. religious controversy with the West and a subsequent split with the Roman Catholic Church 4. sack of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusades 5. the fall of Constantinople (1453) marked the end of the Byzanting Empire |
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World History
The Early Byzantine Civilization Acheivements of the Byzantine Empire |
1. preserved the heritage of Greco-Roman civilization while the west was culturally stagnant
2. spread civilization to all of eastern Europe 3. preserved the Eastern orthodox church 4. economic strength was based on the stability of its money economy |
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World History
The Rise of Islam The Muslim Empire and The Rise of Islam |
1. based on the teachings of Mohammed (AS 570 -632)
a. spread of Islam started in 7th Century AD b. Koran became center of Islamic moral and ethical conduct c. Mohammad established a theocracy based on Islamic law |
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World History
The Rise of Islam The Muslim Empire and The Rise of Islam |
2. Muslim empire was ruled by Arab caliphs
a. Arabs conquered much of Byzantine Empire and Persian empires, including North Africa, Spain 1. Battle of Tours (AD 732) resulted in Franks halting Moslem expansion in Europe 2. Moslem Spain lasted from AD 711 to 1031 |
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World History
The Rise of Islam The Muslim Empire and The Rise of Islam |
3. The Muslim EMpire divided
a Abbassides overthrew Umayyads - capitol moved to Bagdad b. Iberian and North African muslims broke with the Bagdads control |
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World History
The Rise of Islam The Muslim Empire and The Rise of Islam |
4. Turkes assumed leadership of the Muslim world
a. Seljuks fought the crusaders and regained lost land b. Mongols invaded the eastern Muslim empire c. Ottoman Empire expanded territory and lasted for many centuries d. Constantinople was the center of the Ottoman Empire |
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World History
The Rise of Islam Islamic Civilization |
1. Govt and religion developed the framework for prosperity
a. Arabs preserved cultures of the people they conquered b. religious pilgrimages led to the spread of new ideas c. caliphs improved farming methods and crop yields d. trade and commerce led to a high standard of living in cities e. military expansion also served as a vehicle for cultural exchange between Arab and western worlds |
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World History
The Rise of Islam Islamic Civilization |
2. Trade spread Islamic culture
a. many factors helped trade including no taxation and strong banking practices b. muslim trade spread culture to foreign lands c. Ibn Batua spread Islamic culture by traveling widely |
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World History
The Rise of Islam Islamic Civilization |
3. Science and the arts flourished under Muslim rule
a. advanced words in medicine, astronomy, and math b. architecture and literature flourished c. poetry and philosopohy were common themese in Islamic books |
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World History
The Early Middle Ages (A.D. 500 - 1000) |
1. The destruction of Rome resulted in a period of decline (500-800) the Dark Ages)
2. The Franks became the dominant Germanic tribe. 3.The Carolingians replaced the Franks as legitimate rulers 4. The Viking (Norse) invasions pillaged the coasts of Europe in the eighth century 5. Society in the Middle Ages was based on the fuedal system |
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World Histoy
Early Middle Ages THe Franks became the dominant Germanic tribe |
1. Clovis (481 -511) was converted to Christianity
2. Domestic fueds and vivil war broke out among the Merovingians (561) a. political power shifted away from the monarch b. charles martel halted the Moslem advance into Europe at the Battle of Tours (732), which had a lastin impact on the development of western civilization |
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World History
Early Middle Ages The Carolingians replaced the Franks as legitimate rulers |
1. Pepin the Short (747-768) appointed by the Pope as king, established papal states on former Byzantine land
2. Charlemagne (768-814) dominated the political structure of the early middle ages a. crowned "emperor of the romans" by pope leo in 800 and had a major impact on the history of europe b. revived concept of holy roman empire and established authority over secular rulers. c. empire incluided most of the former Roman Empire and additional Germanic lands between the Rhine and Elbe Rivers d. The Carolingian Renaissance resulted in the establishment of a palace academy with a prescribed academic curriculum 3. The Frankish system of inheritance hastened the dissolution of the Frankish Empire. a. The Tready of Verdun (843) divided Charlemagne's empire among his three grandsons b. Carolingian rule ended in the tenth century because of the decline of central authority and the invasions of the Scandanavian tribes |
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World Histoy
Early Middle Ages THe Viking (Norse) invasions pillaged the coasts of Europe in the eight century |
1. The Danes were responsible for the major invasions of England
2. Alfred the Great (871-99) established the English Kingdom after stemming the Danish invasions 3. In France, the Carolingian king was forced to cede Normandy to the Vikings |
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World History
Early Middle Ages Society in the Middle Ages was based on the feudal system |
1. under feudalism, polictical authority was dominated by land nobility
a. feudal contract provided land in exchange for personal services to the king b. law of primogeniture gave all property to eldest son. c. church enjoyed a favorable position under feudalism and became and major landholder. 2. Manorialism was the agricultural organization and economic foundation of feudalism a. commerce was virtually non existent; a purely ag economy prevailed b. lord of the manor exercised full political, judicial, and economic control over the manor including serfs |
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World History
The Later Middle Ages (c. 100- - 1500) |
1. The rise of feudal monarchs resulted in the development of the nation states of France.
2. The Norman Conquest has a profound impact on the development of the culture, language, and judicial system of England. 3. Spain and Portugal during the later Middle Ages 4. The Holy Roman Empire during the late middle ages 5. Characteristics of medieval civilizations during the late middle ages. 6. Historical interpretations of the Middle Ages. |
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World History
The Later Middle Ages The rise of feudal monarchs resulted in the development of the nation-states of France. |
1. Hugh Capet (987-96) established Capetian rule in France that lasted 300 years.
2. By the early thirteenth century, royal authority had expanded and France had become a European power. 3. Conflicts with the pope over the extent of religious rule resulted in an increase in the authority of the monarch. 4. The Hundred Year war (1337-1453) between England and France resulted in the English being driven out of most of France. |
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World History
The Later Middle Ages THe Norman Conquest had a profound impact on the development of the culture, language, and judicial system of England |
1. The Battle of Hastings (1066) ended Anglo Saxton rule in England.
2. By the twelfth century, English common law was firmly established. 3. The Magna Carta (1215) limited the power of the king. It is the most important document in English constitutional law. 4. By fourteenth century, English Parliament was firmly established. a. parliament gained power at expense of the king. b. House of Lords (titled nobility) and the House of Commons (gentry and middle classes) composed Parliament. 5. The War of Roses (1455-85) was fought over succession of the throne. a. House of Lancaster crushed the House of York. b. Henry VII established the Tudor dynasty in England |
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The Magna Carta (1215)
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limited the power of the king. most important document in English constitutional law.
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World History
The Later Middle Ages Spain and Portugal |
1. The Reconquista reestablished Christian control over Moslem Spain in 1492.
a. Spanish state was marked by strong, absolutist rule. b. monarch instituted inquisitions and also expelled the Jews. |
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World History
THe Later Middle Ages The Holy Roman Empire |
1. pope was dominant in religious matters and the king in secular matters.
a. Germany consisted of kingdoms, dukedoms, and smaller princely states. b. Frederick Barbarossa (1152-90) called the union of Germany and Italy the holy roman empire; he stated that the king's authority was higher than that of the popes. 2. A continuing power struggle with the pope resulted in the further decentralization of the Germanic states. 3. Conflict between the papacy and the secular ruler during the late middle ages. a. papacy was dominated by a series of holy roman emperors. b. under pope leo IX (1049-54) the independency of papacy was established |
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World History
The Later Middle Ages Characteristics of medieval civilization during the late Middle Ages. |
1. Society was based on strict class division: CLergy and nobility were the privileged class, peasants and artisans were the work forces, and serfs were tied to the land.
2. The decline of feudalism and manorialism was evident by the 12th century and completed by the 16th 3. commercial revival led to the rise of towns. a. true middle class emerged b. economic activities in towns were supervised by guild system (merchant and craft guilds) c. Mediterranean commerce was dominated by Venetians and Genoans. d. Crusades led to revival of international trade; money became primary unit of exchange. 4. Education stressed the liberal arts. a. Theology considered queen of sciences b universities created in paris, oxford, cambridge during 11th and 12th centuries c. latin was language of intellectual europe; vernacular was used by 12th century 5. Philosophy (scholasticism) dealt with the consistency of faith and reason; realism and nominalism were rival points of view. a. Realism (Plato's view): Reality consists of ideas (universals) that exist in the mind, independent of sensory powers of perception. b. Nominalism (Universals) are just symbols for names for objects; only perceived objects are real, and they exist independent of the mind. 6. Architecture was dominated by Romanesque (11th to 12th) an Gothic (13th to 15th) styles. |
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World History
The Later Middle Ages Historical Interpretations of the MIddle Ages |
. period to transition between ancient and modern europe.
2. were unique with distinctive culture. |
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World History
The Renaissance (c. 1350 - 1600) |
1. The Renaissance began in Italy during the 14th century.
2. literature and philosophy reflected the new secular trend. 3. Renaissance spread throughout Europe. 4. General characteristics of the Renaissance. |
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World HIstory
The Renaissance Began in Italy in during 14th century |
1. Conflicts between papacy and Holy Roman Empire in 13th and 14th resulted in regional autonomy fro the Italian city-states.
2. heritage of greek and roman civilizations contributed to the development of the Italian Renaissance. 3. Crusades focused attention eastward (Greece and Near East) 4. By 14th century, the move toward secularization was predominant. |
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World History
The Renaissance Literature and philosophy reflected new secular trends. |
1. Humanism stresses the importance of the individual.
2. Neoplatonism replaced Scholasticism as the the dominant philosophy. 3. Machiavelli's The Prince stresses that "the ends justify the means" as a political philosophy 4. influence of the "classical" arts was strong and a new emphasis was placed on science. |
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World History
The Renaissance The Renaissance spread throughout Europe |
1. Renaissance of northern Europe emphasized the teachings of Christianity and placed less reliance on humanism.
2. French Renaissance reflected a democratic realism. 3. English Renaissance did not flower until under Elizabethan age. |
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World History
The Renaissance General characteristics of the Renaissance |
1. emphasis on man rather than god
2. reawakening or rebirth of classical models 3. ideal of universal man was widely held |
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Renaissance-Rebirth of Classical Greek and Roman Culture
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1. Works of Greeks and Romans reconnected Europeans with their ancient heritage.
2. Emphasis on humanism 3. Secularism-Writings of the Greek and Roman Philospohers and commentaries on their works; free politics and governance from Church control. 4. Realism and formalism-art emphasized everyday lives; Architecture based on Greek and Roman forms. |
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World History
THe Reformation |
1. Protestant Reformation and the development of Western civilization
2. Counter Reformation (Catholic Reformation) attempted to halt the spread of Protestantism. 3. Effects of the Reformation |
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World History
The Reformation Protestant Reformation and the development of western civilization |
1. Reasons for reformation
a. dissatisfaction with church ritual and latin overtones b. humanism emphasized man's needs and concerns c. printing press allowed mass communication 2. Also, Martin Luther (1483 -1546) and the right of the pope to grant indulgences was a primary cause a. Luther's Ninety-five Theses served as a catalyst in starting the Reformation b. Lutheranism allowed for state church system controlled by individual German princes c. The Peace of Augsburg (1555) officially recognized Lutheranism but allowed Catholic princes to support Catholicism 3. Calvinism made Protestantism a national movement a. doctrine of predestination was central to Calvanistic belief b. calvanism became revolutionary anti-catholic movement 4. Act of Supremacy (1534) marked the beginning of the English Reformation a. king of england became the head of the church b. pope's refusal to annul marriage of Henry VIII to Catherine of Aragon initiated the break c. Elizabeth I (1558 - 1603) firmly established Protestantism in England and established Anglican church |
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World History
The Reformation THe Counter Reformation (Catholic Reformation) attempted to halt the spread of Protestantism |
. Jesuits (society of jesus) became the official Catholic response to the Reformation; Jesuits also initiated missionary and educational endeavors.
2. council of trent (1545-63) defined the doctrines of Catholicism and reinforced papal authority |
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World History
The Reformation Effects of Reformation |
1. medieval political unity of Europe was replaced by spirit of modern nationalism
2. authority of the state was strengthened 3. middle class was strengthened 4. calvinism gave capitalism its psychological base. 5. religious wars reflected the fervor of the times. |
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World History
age of enlightenment (1700-1789) philosophy influence by age of reason |
1. christianity and church dogma were questioned
2. proper function of govt was defined by voltaire, montesqueiu, locke, and rosseau. ideas led to philosophical bases for american and french revolutions 3. in economics, doctrine of laissez faire stood in opposition to regulated trade 4. adam smith wrote wealth of nations and advocated manufacturing as the true source of the nation's wealth |
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world history
age of enlightenment culture of 18th century dominated by neoclassicism |
1. attempt to revive the classic style and form of greece and rome
2. in literature, the novel was the outcome; in architecture, rococo style was dominant 3. in music, haydn, mozart, and beethoven emphasized the classical eras formal symmetrical structure, simple rhythms, and tuneful melodies |
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Scientific Revolution
Nicolaus Copernicus (Astronomer) |
Challenged the Church doctrine of a geocentri (earth-centered) theory of the universe.
2. Proposed and published his heliocentric (sun-centered) theory. |
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Scientific Revolution
Galileo Galilei Mathematician, physicist, astronomer) |
With a telescope, provided the first observational evidence in support of Copernicus Phases of Venus; 4 moons of jupiter
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Scientific Revolution
Johannes Kepler (Mathematician, astronomer |
1. Man could understand God's intelligible plan through application of reason.
2. THree laws of Planetary Motion-mathematical calculations regarding planetary orbits that supported heliocentric theory. |
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Scientific Revolution
Isaac Newton Mathematician, physicist, astronomer |
1. Laws of motion and universal gravitation
2. Laws of prvity proved the force of Earth's gravity on the orbit of the moon 3. Applied to all planets; provided final proof of heliocentric theory. |
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world history
the french revolution and napeleon background to the french revolution |
1. an inequitable class structure was the basic cause of the revolution
2. disorganized legal system and no representative assembly 3. enlightenment philosophy influenced the middle class 4. bankruptcy of french treasury was immediate cause of revolution a. nobility resisted expanded taxation plans b. failure of monarchy led to violent revolution 5. declaration of rights of man and citizen defined enlightenment concepts of national law and the sovereignty of the people 6. first french republic (1792-1804) was marked by the violence of the reign of terror (1793-94) and the rise of napolean |
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World History
THe French Revolution and Napoleon Napolean and the First Empire (1804-15) |
1. Domestic reforms resulted in a more efficient govt.
a. no tax exemptions were allowed for lineage, and govt promotion was based on ability b. the code of napoleon modernized french law (equality before the law) 2. international relations placed france against europe a. napoleon won territory from the holy roman empire and forced spain to cede the louisianna territory to france b. by 1807, the holy roman empire was disbanded as france gained territory from prussia and poland c. the continental system was a failed french attempt to close the continent to british trade in hopes of destroying the british economy d. napoleon's disastrous invasion of russia marked the beginning of the end for napoleon e. the battle of waterloo 91815) ended in defeat for napoleon and ended the french empire. napoleon was permanently exiled to st. helena |
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World HIstory
reaction, romaticism, and revolution (1815-48) congress of vienna (1815) attempted to balance the powerful states of europe |
1. congress ignored the legitimacy of the nationalistic aspirations of the european peoples
2. enforcement of the settlement was predicated on international agreements designed to preserve the status quo 3. the congress of verona (822) ended the congress system and allowed european powers to be guided by self interest |
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world history
reaction, romanticism, and revolution romanticism raised basic questions about the nature of truth |
1. unlike enlightenment, romanticism encouraged gothic revival and rejected limitations of neoclassicism
2. politically, reinforced nationalistic philosophy and pursued policy of self determination |
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world history
reaction, romanticism, and revolution revolutionary movements of 1820, 30, and 48 resulted in territorial changes, liberal political reforms, and the abolition of serfdom |
1. revolutions of 1848 were precursor to future class warfare issues in europe
2. consequence was emergent voice of militant socialism. would have profound effect on political structure of europe |
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world history
impact of industrial revolution on europe causes of industrial revolution |
1. scientific revolution brought new mechanical devices
2. availability of investment capital and rise of middle class provided economic base 3. conditions in england favored industrialization a. cotton textile industry was well established b. britain was a colonial and maritime power and was able to easily ship products c. coal, iron, and a plentiful supply of cheap labor were available |
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world history
impact of industrial revolution on europe the results of the industrial revolution |
1. dramatic increase in productivity and rise of factory system
2. demographic changes (from rural to urban centers) 3. division of society into define classes (propertied and nonpropertied) 4. development of modern capitalism (profits linked to the manufacturing of products) |
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world history
impact of industrial revolution on europe intellectual response to industrial revolution |
1. classical economists advanced theory of laissez faire (limited govt intervention in business affairs)
2. thomas malfus theorized population growth would far outstrip food production 3. revolutionary socialism of Karl Marx advocated a violent overthrow of present economic system a. history was seen as a class struggle between expoliters and the exploited b. communist manifesto written by marx and engels advances theories of modern scientific socialism |
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Birth of Factory Systems
Flying shuttle |
1. 1733- increased the speed of weavers.
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Birth of Factory Systems
Spinning Jenny |
1764- Increased the speed oand output of yarn spinners
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Birth of Factory Systems
Water Frame |
1764-Introduced the first poser-driven machine to manufacture cloth
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Birth of Factory Systems
Spinning Mule |
1179-A power driven machine that prduced fin, strong yarn.
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Birth of Factory Systems
Watt Steam Engine |
1785-Meant that factories were no longer dependent on water sources for power
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Birth of Factory Systems
Power Loom |
1785-Led to faster production of cloth.
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Birth of Factory Systems
Cotton Gin |
1795-Made it possible to meet increased demand for cotton by mechanizing the process for separating seeds from cotton fiber.
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Iron Making
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1. 1760 Coke Smelting-improved production of iron.
2. 1783- Grooved Rollers-allowed iron makers to roll out iron into different shapes |
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Transportation
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1804: Steam Engine used to develop the first steam locomotive (used initially to haul freight at coal mines and ironworks
2. 1807- Steam engine used by American intventor Robert Fulton to build a Steamboat. |
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world history
the lands and peoples of africa topography of africa mainly desert and savannah and tropical rainforest. |
. african continent divided into many ecological regions
2. trade and commerce connected to geographical potential of area 3. large populations flourished in savanna and were primarily agrarian |
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world history
lands and people of africa ancient africans made advances in societies and culture |
1. lineage is basis of tribal organization
2. religion, politics, and law became focus of culture 3. art and sculpture emphasized |
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world history
lands and people of africa african civilizations south of sahara |
1. famous empires grew in the west african savanna: ghana, mali, songhai
2. east african coast saw development of city-states a. east african civilization based on international trade and seaport cities b. swahili culture developed own language and thrived in city states c. portuguese destroyed much of east african trade after 1500 3. kingdom of zimbabwe developed in the interior a. grew from an iron working settlement b. huge stone structures constructed c. economy based on gold trade 4 islam stimulated new states of west africa and spread islamic culture and religion 5. forest states developed strong govt a. benin grew wealth and powerful until european contact threatened society b. slave trade produced wealth for the cities and terror in the interior c. trade, taxes, and powerful govt resulted in asante becoming a strong state |
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Africa is the land of geographical diversity
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1. Four Rivers (Nuile, Congo, Niger, and Zambezi) were important to Africa's economic history
2. Egyptian Civilization developed in the Nile Valley 3. Africa above the Sahara is often associated with Arab influence 4. THe irregular coast line (no natural harbors) of the African continent restricted European exploration. |
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world history
native americans and early cultures in america early cultures in n.a. |
1.american indian culture developed over many centuries
a. first originated from asia b ag changed some indian cultures from nomadic to faming community 2. N.A. indians were quite skilled a. hopewell people were farmers and flourished in ohio and mississippi valleys b. mississippian cultured developed in AD 800 and built lg religious mound structures c. anasazi culture 800-1300 developed in southwest and were builders and farmers d. pueblos inhabited southwest and built adobe cities |
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world history
native american and early cultures in N.A. early cultures in mesoamerica |
1. olmec (1200 - 400 bc) developed first civilizations in mesoamerica (mexico, central america, and wester coast of south america)
a. developed ag community and first calendar in america 2. Mayas (250-900 ad) achieved complex civilization a. cities were trade and religious center b. excelled in math, science, astronomy, and engineering (pyramid building) 3. aztecs (1200-1500ad) conquered much of central mexico a. toltecs preceded aztecs b, built great city (tenochtitlan)l and ruled an empire c. religion and war dominated life 4. incas (1200-1500 ad) controlled vast empire in south america a. tiahuanaco culture developed in andes mountains and incas unified extensive empire b. sophisticated record keeping system and skilled craftsmen |
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Imapct of Spanish Exploration and Conquest on Indigenous People of the Americas
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1. Disease devistated native populations; smallpox measles and typhus
2. Aztecs conquered by Cortes in 1521. 3. Inca Empire Conquered by Pizarro in 1533 4. Mass transfer of wealth (gold and silver) from the Americas to Spain 5. End of political and economic independence-organized for labor within the Spanish economic system 6. Loss of native culture 7. Conversion to Christianity,. |
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Mesoamerica
Olmec |
1. 1200- 400 B.C.
2. South Central MExico 3. Noted artwork in many media (jade, clay, basalt, and greenstone); monumental sculpture (colossal heads) |
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Mesoamerica
Maya |
1. A.D. 250 - 900
2. Yucatan Peninsula 3. Only known written language of pre-Columbian Amercas 4. Sophisticated art 5. Monumental architecture; Tiakl; Palenque 6. Mathematical and astronomical systems |
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Mesoamerica
Aztec |
1. 1325 A.D> - 1521 A.D.
2. Central Mexico 3. Rich mythological and religious traditions 4. Architecturally accomplished: city planning; great pyramid of Tenochtitlan; temples and palaces 5. artistically advanced. |
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South America
Inca |
1. A.D. 1200 - 1533
2. Northwest coastal and inland refgion of South America (Peru) 3. EEngineering/architecture: Machu Picchu; stone construction without mortar; extensive road system linking empire together 4. Art: Gold and silver working; Ceramics; textiles |
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world history
early history of india india under muslim rule |
1. muslims controlled india for centuries
a. muslim invaders came into india in 11th and 12th and created kingdoms in the north b. delhi sultanate was most powerful and developed art and architecture 2. hindus lived and worked under muslim rule a. most were self sufficient farmers b. caste system dominated life c. believed in supreme being (brahman) and believed in reincarnation 3. mughuls united and ruled most of india a. after babur invaded india, akbar became greatest mughul ruler b. mughuls were great builders (taj mahal) c. mughul empire declined quickly and by 1750 empire fallen |
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world history
early history of china china from sungs through manchus |
1. chinese civilization continued under sungs from 960 ad - 1279
a. chinese empire lost territory after fall of tang rulers. b. advances in education, art, and science contributed to an improved way of life. 2. importance of city life in sung empire a. foreign trade enabled populations to grow and cities to become sophisticated b. family focus of life c. women had lower status than men. 3. mongols ruled china a. genghis khan united nomadic peoples and conquered china b. kublai khan became emperor c. marco polo, italian explorer, opened door to trade with china and described the mongol empire 4. chinese culture was maintained by ming and manchu dynasties a. ming (native chinese) ousted mongols b. ming limited contact with west (1368 - 1644) c. manchus (1664 - 1911) overran china and followed a policy of isolationism, weakening china 5. teachings of confucious influenced chinese culture a. wanted to improve society b. taught certain virtues were guidelines to happy life |
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world history
early history of japan the emergence of japan |
1. japans geography influenced history
a culture reflects reverence for nature b. mountains, forests, and coastal areas determined cultural growth 2. early japanese civilization borrowed from china a. archeology has revealed japan's ancient past b. japanese culture developed during heian era c. poetic form such as haiku developed and literature spread 3. feudalism and a samurai warrior class developed a. three periods of feudal govt. - kamakura, ashikaga, and tokugawa b. shogun was actual ruler; emperors were figureheads c. nobles struggles fro power during ashikaga shogunate d. arts flourished e. central govt grew strong during tokugawa era f. old samurai class and feudal way of life declined resulting in major political and social changes 4. accomplishments of early japanese a. own language and sophisticated system of writing b. developed literature and poetry, shinto religion, and placed great emphasis on love of nature, beauty, and good manners |
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California History
Prehistoric Period first humans to enter North America crossing the Bering Strait land bridge at the end of the Pleistocene Period, or the last Ice Age, approx 15000 to 30,000 years ago |
1. migrated south from Alaska and populated north and south america
2. entered ca approx 15000 years ago; evidence from early man archaeological site at calico could push date back to 50,000 |
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California history
prehistoric period native americans of ca general characteristics prior to european contact |
a.spoke great diversity of dialects
b. represented largest concentration of indians in N.A. c. had similar physical traits and features d. groups showed general uniformity in economy, material goods, religious practices, and social organization f. primarily hunter gatherer societies g. dwellings reflected groups climatic and geographic locations: frame and plank houses in north, brush shelters in the southern deserts and earth houses along coastal areas g. local subsistence based on available resources h. crafts limited: basket making generally universal : twined in north, coiled in south i. groups not generally warlike and weapons not sophisticated. uses atlatl, bow and arrow, obsidian points, hunting blades, spears, harpoons, clubs, and throwing sticks. hunting technology linked to geographic factors. balsa and raft type boats were used in south, and plank canoes were used in the north 2. shared heritage of various tribes a. lineage was traced on the paternal side b. native tobacco and jimsonweed were widely used in ceremonial activities c. sweathouses were used (men) d. people played functional musical instruments and sang and danced e. groups religion were similar in myths, creation stories, shamanism, and the influence of nature f. ceremonies dealt with birth, death, puberty, marriage, hunting, and so on g. cultures integrated with and reflected environment; nature provided for them h. fables dealt with animals and other natural phenomena of the region i. roles were sex differentiated. men hunted and fished. women gathered food and materials and killed small game j. oral story tradition was used by all ca indians |
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california history
prehistoric period native americans of ca shared heritage of various tribes |
a. lineage was traced on the paternal side
b. native tobacco and jimsonweed were widely used in ceremonial activities c. sweathouses were used (men) d. people played functional musical instruments and sang and danced e. groups religion were similar in myths, creation stories, shamanism, and the influence of nature f. ceremonies dealt with birth, death, puberty, marriage, hunting, and so on g. cultures integrated with and reflected environment; nature provided for them h. fables dealt with animals and other natural phenomena of the region i. roles were sex differentiated. men hunted and fished. women gathered food and materials and killed small game j. oral story tradition was used by all ca indians |
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california history
prehistoric period native americans ca geographic factors isolated many tribes. desert and mountain barriers restricted contact |
1. northern ca tribes included yurok, hupa, modoc, and pomo
2. central ca tribes included maidu and miwok 2. coastal tribes included miwok, esselen, and chumash 4. desert tribes included mojave and serrano 5. sierra nevada tribes included miwok and mono |
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california history
prehistoric period native americans of ca material belongings were similar |
1. body garments and dress
2. subsistence on ag implements: mortar and pestle, metate, grinding slab, and digging sticks 3. houses (earth, bark, plank, and thatch and ceremonial houses (sweat, dance, menstrual) 4. weapons and tools: knife, adz, ax, maul, scraper, awl, and drill 5. textiles: bags, wallets, beadwork, and other designs 6. receptacles: baskets, pottery, wood, an stone bowls 7. musical instruments: drum, rattle, flute, rasp, and bow 8.money: clam, disks, and olivella shells |
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california history
spanish conquest |
1. search for 7 cities of cibola by cortez in 1530's resulted in spanish exploration of the baja peninsula
2. cabrillo discovered san diego bay, the sb islands, point conception, and point reyes (1542-43_ 3. drake, english explorer, sailed up ca coast in 1579 and claimed area for england 4. russian excursions along the northern american coast (1800s) resulted in renewed spanish efforts to colonize ca 5. spanish established ca missions |
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ca history
spanish conquest search for 7 cities of cibola by cortez resulted in spanish exploration of baja peninsula |
1. spain was interested in conquest and wealth
2. exploration centered on search for island inhabited by amazon like women who used gold weapons |
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ca history
spanish conquest cabrillo discovered san diego bay, sb islands, point conception, and point reyes |
1. searched for water passage between pacific and atlantic oceans
2. future voyages traveled entire coast of ca |
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ca history
spanish conquest drake, sailed up ca coast and claimed area for england |
1. threat from england compelled spain to colonize ca
2. spanish explorations discovered safe harbors at monterey and sf 3. for next 100 years, spanish colonization of ca was minimal |
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ca history
spanish conquest russian excursions along na coast reulted in renewed spanish efforts to colonize ca |
1. russian fur interests in alaska pushed south
2. established fort ross 80 miles n of sf bay in 1812 as a trading post 3. american govt viewed russian exploration of ca coast as threat a. monroe doctrine (1823) restricted european colonization of americas b. spanish reacted to potential russian, british, and american presence by establishing presidios (military forts) and pueblos (sm settlements) in valleys around sf bay |
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ca history
spanish conquest spanish established ca missions |
1. jesuits established five permanent settlements in baja in early 1700s
2. franciscan friars established 21 spanish missions along ca coast from san diego to sonoma ( one days journey apart at completion in 1823) a. purpose was to convert indians to christianity, establish cultural and ag centers, and populate alta ca for spain. both sword and cross were used to subdue indians 3. father serra is credited with development of the mission system. lasting contributions were controversial 4. positive aspects of mission system a. spread christianity b. colonized ca c. spread cultural and technological advances of spain 5. negative a. dehumanization of indians b. high infant mortality and suicide rates among indians c. forced labor and virtual slave like conditions d. indian self sufficiency never developed. 6. in about 1830 the mission system began secularization process. by 1836 most mission property was privately owned |
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CA Missions
Purpose |
1. Create permanent and self-sufficient Spanish settlements in CA.
2Defend Spanish empire to the south in Mexico 3. Win Catholic converts among indigenous people. |
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CA Missions
Organization |
1. Built in areas withhigh concentration of native population
2. CHurch, workshops, kitchens, living quarters, and storerooms constructed from materials on hand 3. Cultivation of cereal grains, grapes, fruit trees, and olives; raising livestock |
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CA Missions
Positive outcomes |
1. Provided presidios (spanish garrisons) with food and goods
2. In some cases enjoyed great economic success 3. Gave Spanish a foothold in CA. |
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CA Missions
Negative Outcomes |
1. Fatally exposed the Indians to European diseases
2. Destroyed native culture 3. Exploited indigenous labor force. |
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ca history
mexican rule in ca |
1. after mexican independence from spain in 1822, ca residents exerted increased control in local political matters
2. land grant system and ranchos fueled independent action 3. mexican govt failed in attempts to dominate ca 4. by 1845, californios (provincial ca) expelled last of mexican governors 5. american trappers (jedediah smith) explorers (kit carson and joseph walker), and a variety of wagon masters opened ca to american settlement |
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ca histoy
ca independence from mexico migrations of american pioneer families in 1840s swelled american population in ca 1846 - 1848 |
1. american poineers settle in san joaquin and sac valleys
2. increase demand that ca become part of us |
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ca history
independence from mexico president polk indirectly supported annexation of ca |
1. john c fremont, possibly acting on presidential orders, raised us flag near monterey, then retreated from the area
2. war was declared on mexico in 1846 (mexican war) a. bear flag revolt prematurely captured ca b. commander sloat captured monterey bay and claimed area for us c. general stockton captured LA, governor pico and general castro retook area for mexico d. stockton and kearney defeated pico and raised american flag over la in 1847 3. treaty if guadalupe hidalgo in 1848 transfered ca from mexican to american control |
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ca history
gold discovered |
1. discovery of gold by james w marshall in 1848 changed political, social, and economic history of state
a. gold fever became natural phenomenon; ca settle population increased from 15000 in 1847 to 380,000 in 1860 b. population growth led to statehood (31 state) 2. compromise of 1850 allowed ca to be a free state a. slavery was prohibited which upset balance of free and slave states b. ca statehood became background issue for civil war |
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CA 1848 - 1850
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1. CA ceded Mexico to the US (Treaty of Gudalupe Hidalgo)
2. Military Govt. established. 3. Discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill in 1848-Rush of 100,000 new immigrants 4. Deadlock in Washington over organizing CA as a territiory due to slavery debate 5. CA heldf constitutional convention of their own; Created an unofficial state govt; Slavery prohibited 6. CA admitted to the Union as a free state via Compromise of 1850. |
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ca history
ca from civil war to turn of century |
1. completion of transcontinental railroad in 1869 made dream of manifest destiny come true
2. economic depression hit in 1870s cycle of boom and bust was begun 3. open hostility toward chinese erupted 4. ca land boom of 1880s swelled population again |
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ca history
ca from civil war to turn of century transcontinental railroad made manifest destiny come true |
1. central pacific met union pacific at promontory utah. immigrant labor was used. chinese on central pacific and irish on union pacific
2. big four (hopkins, crocker, huntington, and stanford) controlled railroad industry and most of ca politcal scene |
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ca history
ca from civil war to turn of century economic depression in 1870's; cycle of boom and bust begun |
. depression characterized by low wages, high unemployment, railroad abuses (unfair prices and rebates), and the restriction of water rights by land monopolies
2. collapse of bank of ca in 1875 (and other financial institutions) further weakened ca economy |
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ca history
ca from civil war to turn of century open hostility toward chinese |
1. they were blamed for most economic problems (backlash from mining and railroad frontier)
2. chinese exclusion act was passed in congress in 1882 3. by 1877, politicians, newspapers, an citizens urged open agitation the chinese in california 4. the workingmen's party was established. it was nativist, anti-chinese, and anti-big business a. demanded constitutional convention and populist type reforms b. ca constitution (1879) codified anti chinese legislation |
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CA land Boom of 1880's
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1 Swelled population again
2. Ensued that the bank collapse in 1887 devastaed the economy 3. Hard times and econonmic retrenchment followed. |
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CA and Immigrant Relations
1850 |
fOREIGN mINERS tAX IMPOSED BY ca LEGISTAURE; $20 monthly tax on foreign miners.
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CA and Immigrant Relations
1854 |
CA Supreme Court excluded al nonwhite races from testifying against a white person (case involved Chinese witness testifying in a murder trial)
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CA and Immigrant Relations
1879 |
CA constitution denied voting rights to any native of china-repealed in 1926
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CA and Immigrant Relations
1884 |
S.F. school board adopted separate but equal doctrine and segregated Chinese schoolchildren from all others.
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Early 20th Century CA
Immigration |
1. Mainly from Midwest led to dramatic population increaste
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Early 20th Century CA
Fears of Yellow Peril |
1. Japanese were imported in large numbers to work in ag; displaced Anglo workers and resentment grew.
2. Asians were restricted from naturalization at the turn of the century. 3. S.F. Board of Education segregated Caucasians and Asians in 1905 4. Resentment led to an international Gentlemen's Agreement (1907) |
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international Gentlemen's Agreement (1907)
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1. Jap immigration to the US was voluntarily restricted (but measure was ineffective in reducing tension)
2. Integrated schools were permitted 3. Agitation against Asians continued. |
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Early 20th Century CA
Populist reforms aimed to bring govt. closer to people |
1. Hiram Johnson was elected govenor and a reform program was initiated.
a. 23 amendments were added to CA constitution (1911) b. Provisions included women's sufferage; initiative, regerendum and recall; workmen's compensation; a new railroad commission. |
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Early 20th Century CA
Anti-Japanese |
1. Anti-Japanese agiation cont.
a. Ineligble for citizenship (national law), could not own land (the CA Alien Land act, b. Us. Supreme COurt upheld anti Japanese legislation 3. Labor movement lost political power after an anarchist bombing in L.A -1910 |
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CA Progressive Reforms
1902 |
la INTORDUCED THE INITIATIVE, REFERENDUM, AND RECALL TO CITY CHARTER
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CA Progressive Reforms
1909 |
State legislature approved the DIrect Primary, taking choice of nominees from office out of hands of political machines
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CA Progressive Reforms
1910 |
Progressive gobernor Hiram Johnson election along with a progreessive legislature
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CA Progressive Reforms
1911 |
Initiative, regerendum, and recall added to ate's constitution
2. Railroad regulation 3. Regulation of all public utilities 4. Women granted to vote 5. Worker's COmpensation Law 6. Alien land Laq prohibited aliens not eligible for citizenship (Jap) from purchasing or leasaing land in CA. |
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CA WW1 to 1930
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A. WW1 produced a new economic boom
1. Wages, production, manufacturing, and commerce expanded rapidly. 2. The panama Canal was opened in 1914 which extended international links 3. An influx of immigrants arrived in the 1920's. a. Economic advances were tied to movie, oil and agricultural production in LA area. b. A real-estate boom fueled the housing industry. c. 1930, CA population had grown to 6 million, and increase of 65% during one decade. 6th most populas state B. CA politcs were characterized as a power struggle between the north and south and between rural and urban areas. |
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CA 1930 - 1960
Economic Collapse |
A. The economic collapse of 1930 resulted ion large-scale unemployment, bank failures, and foreclosures
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CA 1930 - 1960
Economic Collapse |
The economic downturn renewed the call for political reform
1. Upton Sinclair (a reform candidate) ran unsuccessfully for governor on a platform for political change 2. The Utopiam Society promoted economic and social reform 3. The Townsend Plan favored pensions for the aged and a graduated income tax. |
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CA 1930 - 1960
Depression Era |
1. Dust Bowl migrants added more than 350,000 to the population
2. Economic and social problems, inluding homelessness, confronted the state. |
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Impact of Great Depression on CA
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1. 375,000 Okies and Arkies migrated out of the Dust Bowl midwest to CA
a. 142 agricultural workers for every 100 jobs by 1934 b. Wages fell to $.15 per hour in the Imperial and San Joaquin fields 2. Mexican Repatriation a. Competion for ag jobs made Mexican workers a target. b. Mexican nationals and Mexican Americands deported or forcibly repatriated 3. Film Industry providing a relatively inexpensive ($.15 per ticket) escape from reality, increasing the popularity of Holly woood films. 4. Falling prices and rising surpluses forced production cuts in oil industry. |
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US entry to WW2 brought economic revitalization to CA
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1. CCA's manufacturing base was greatly increased ( airplanes, ships, and other war products)
2. CA became the defense center of the nation |
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Japanese-Americans relocated from coastal areas to inland detention camps
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1. 1942
2. Constitutional and moral questions were raised 3. Manzanar, a WW2 Relocation Center, became a national historic site in 1992. |
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Defense Contracts followed the war fueled economic properity
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1. hUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF ARMED FORCES PERSONNEL MIGRATED TO ca.
2. tHE NEED FOR PUBLIC SERVICE INCREASED. 3. Pollution and water became political issues |
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Impact of WW2 on CA
Economic |
1. Aircraft and shipbuilding industries boomed with defense work
2. 11.9% of all US govt. war contracts 3. 17% of all war supplies made in CA 4. Defense boom lasted through 3 decades 5. More military bases and installation than any other state 5. Oil and mineral resource production at max levels 6. New industries supported defense efforts throughout the state 7. Film industry increased production (entertainment and war propaganda movies) |
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Impact of WW2 on CA
Social |
1. Tensions of war and rising immigration affected race relations
2. 1942: forced detention of thousands of Japanese and japanese americans 3. 1943: Zoot Suit Riots; Mexicans primary targets; African Americans and Filipinos also victimized |
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Impact of WW2 on CA
Demographic |
1. Industrial growth prompted new wave of migration and population boom
2. 1940 population 6, 907, 3987. 3. 1942: Bracero Program initiated in CA farm fiels, started new wave of Mexican immigration (program lasted until 1964 4. 1950 pop 10,586, 223 5. 1969pop 12, 717, 204. |
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Recent Developments in CA History
Economic advantages of CA |
1. THE GDP ranks CA number one in the nation
2. Th CA GDP ranks it among the top 10 countries in the world. 3. Vast natural resoruces (oil, timber, minerals) and abundant fertile land allow for future growth 4. CA leads the nation in manufacturing and agricultre production 5. The higher education system (J.C., state colleges and universities) is among the ginest in the nation |
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Recent Developments in CA History
% primary econimc regions |
1. Hollywood (entertainment)
2. So Cal (aerospace 3. Central Valley ( agriculture) 4. Silicon Valley (computers/high technology) 5. Napa Valley. Sonoma Valley, Santa Barbra, and Paso Robles (Wine) |
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Recent Developments in CA History
5 primary secrtors of employment |
1. Trade, transportation, and utilities.
2. Govt. 3. Professional and business services 4. Education and Health services 5. Lesiure and hospitality. |
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Recent Developments in CA History
CA Water Delivery System |
1. Central Valley project brought water from Northern to Southern CA
a. A series of dams and reservoirs first started during the Depression b. Shasta Dam is the largest water reclamation project in the state 3. LA Aqueduct brought water from Owens River to LA a. William Mulholland spearheaded the controversial project b. Negative impact on Owne valley and Mono Lake c. Salton Sea helps irrigate the Imperial Valley 4. 75% of the states water resoureces originate north of Sacramento, 80% of the demand lies in the southern 2/3 of the state 5. Hetch Hetch Aquaduct provides water to Bay area; CA, La and Co aqeducts meet the water needs of LA and San Diego counties |
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Ca Geography Represents Great Diversity
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1. CA extends 800 miles from north to south and ranges from 150 - 350 miles east to west.
2. CA borders Oregon, Nevada, Arizona, and Mexico 3. Mt. Whitney at 14, 495 ft. is the highest peak in the continental United States; Death Valley is the lowest poin, at 282 feet below sea level. 4. CS shows dramatic changes in topagrphy. 5. CA geological evidences faulting , folding, alluvial and sedimentary depostion, and volcanic activity. 5. CA is a region of siemic actiivity San Andreas fault extends for 500 miles; fault moves north to south 6. Growing seasons extend throughout the year; a mild wet winter and a relatively long dry summer. 7. SO climate is characterizedf as Mediterranean and is unique in the US. The state has many diverse microclimates, thou generally the coastal climate is mild and teh interior is muych more extreme. The interior basins have the most extreme temps. 8. Few CA rivers ar mavigable. Notable rivers or the San Joaquin and the Sacramento ( and their tributaries), and the CO River |
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The CA Coast Ranges
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1. There are mountains along the western coast of CA, extending from the Klamath Mountains in the north (oregfon border region) to the southwestern section of the Sierra Nevada
2. San Andreas Fault system divides this region along a north/south axis 3. The range is 550 miles long 4. Plant diveristy ranges from Giant redwoods in the north to chaparral in the south 5. Mountains are a series of parallel ranges fromed by sedimentary deposition uplifted by faulting and folding. 6. The climate ranges from low pressure arease that produce fog and rain in the northern sections to a mediterranean type condition in the south. |
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The Klamath Mountains
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1. Located in the Northwester corner of the state
2. Extension of the Coast Ranges 3. Mountains are rugged, steepm and in the 6,00- 8,000 foot range 4. Receives heavy preciptiation, and dense forests cover the mountains |
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Sierra NEvadas
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1. Range is 400 miles long and follws the eastern border of the state, forming the eastern wall of the central valley.
2. Formed by uplifiting and subsidence and are characterized as fault-block mountains. Backbone of the range isigneous rock. 3. They are the highest mountains in CA; peaks @ 13,000 feet; Mt Whitney is located at teh Southern End. 4. Peaks have sharp dro-offs on the eastern side and ahave been a barrier to east/west transportation; Mts. have gentle slopes on the western side, which has trapped water to teh benefit of Central Valley Ag. 5. Sierr Nevada streams cut deep valleys. Gold was discovered in these streams where it was eroded from the veins of rocks. 6. The SN cause a rain shadow effect: Clouds rise against the high mountains peaks, causing them to drop their moisture. This has created fertile valleyson the west side and a ddrty landscape on the east side 7. Ice age glaciers have created the current mountain profiles Yoesmeite National Parks U shaped valleys were craved by glacial action 8. S. Cals is dependent upon the average annual 70 inches of rain and snow that fall on the SN for its water Supply. |
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Central Valley
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1. SAeparate the Sierra Nevada and coast range.
2. Extends from the northwest to the southeast for 400 miles and is an average of 50 miles wide. 3. The vvalley is flat, sedimentary plain; soil fertile and makes the valley the major ag region of the state 4. 60% of CA's farmland is located in the Central Valley 5. A majority of the state's water sooly is caught in the central valley as runoff from the SN. 6. The Sac. Delta, encompassing 1, 200 sq miles of waterways, is located where the Sac and San Joaquin rivers meet. |
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Bas and Range.
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1. Short parallel mountain ranges and desert basins extends along the eastern botder of CA.
a The northern section is part of a lava plateay b. The sourthern section is dry. The Mojave dDesert is the major geographical feature to the south 2. The northwest and southwest great basins, the Northwestern Sonoran Desert, and the Salton Sea Trough are significant areas in these region 3. Death Valley was frormed by faulting not erision. 4. System extends into Nevad and Utah 5. Irrigation with water from the CO river has allowed large scale farming in the Imperial and Coachell Valleys. |
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The Cascade Range and Modoc Plateau
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1. The sourthern extreme of the Cascade Range is located in the northeastern corner of CA. It extends 550 miles northward into Canada.
2. Separate from SN and is about 125 miles wide. 3. The Cascade mts. were formed exclusively by volcanic activity. Many like Mt. Shasta (14,162) are drmant or extinct. 4. Lassen Peak is the largest plug-dome (filled with magma) volcano in the world. 5. The modoc Plateau is level tableland of volcanic origin |
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The Transverse and Peninsular ranges
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1. Extends from Santa Barbra to San Diego
The Transvers/LA ranges extend in an easterly direction from the caost. (all other CA ranges extend North and south.) 3. Ranges include Santa Ynez, Santa Monica, San Gabriel, and San Bernadino mountains. 4. The LA basin is the state's largest coastal basin and was formed by the alluvial depositiion of soil from the surrounding mountain ranges. 5. The Peninsular ranges extend from the San Bernardino Mountains in Baja CA and from the Pacific Ocean east to the Salton Sea Trough 6. The faulted eastern sections of the peninular ranges are characterized by sharp dropoffs. It is a complez region of active fault zones. Significant faults include the San Jacinto (near Palm Springs and the Elsinore |
