Cset English Subtest 2

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ACQUISITION LEARNING HYPOTHESIS

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Stephen Krashen theorized that there are two independent systems for learning a second language. The "acquired system" is similar to the process children go through as they acquire their first language and is largely subconscious. The "learned system" is a conscious process that includes learning grammar rules through formal instruction. Krashen believes that "acquisition" is more important than "learning."

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ADJECTIVAL CLAUSE

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An adjective clause-also called an adjectival or relative clause- will meet three requirements: (1) it will contain a subject and verb; (2) it will begin with a relative pronoun (who, whom, whose, that or which) or a relative adverb (when, where, why); it will function as an adjective, answering questions (what kind, how many, which one)

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AFFECTIVE FILTER HYPOTHESIS

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One of five hypotheses proposed by Stephen Krashen, who believed that positive affect is necessary for acquisition to take place, but is not sufficient on its own.

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APPOSITIONAL PHRASE

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An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that renames another noun right beside it. The appositive can be a short or long combination of words. The important point to remember is that a nonessential appositive is always separative from the rest of the sentence with a comma(s).

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CLAUSAL MODIFIER

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Modifiers are words, phrases, or clauses that provide description in sentences. Modifiers allow writers to take the picture that they have in their heads and transfer it accurately to the heads of their readers. Essentially, modifiers breathe life into sentences.

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COHESION ANALYSIS

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A technique which helps determine how all the parts of a work come together to create an effect or communicate a message.

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COMPOUND SENTENCE

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A sentence of two or more independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction or by a semicolon.

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COMPREHENSIBLE INPUT HYPOTHESIS

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A theory developed by Stephen Krashen, who believed that students who hear language slightly beyond what they already understand, but based on what they do understand, will improve. When utilizing this tactic, a teacher might also use concrete objects, gestures and graphic organizers.

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CRITICAL PERIOD HYPOTHESIS

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Refers to the time that the human brain is most open to the acquisition of language, which appears to be up to the age of puberty.

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DIRECT OBJECT

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A direct object will follow a transitive verb (a type of action verb). Direct objects can be nouns, pronouns, phrases, or clauses. If you can identify the subject and verb in a sentence, then finding the direct object is easy. Remember: subject+verb+who or what=direct object.

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ELLISION

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A synonym for the word "syncope" from the Greek meaning "to strike or cut off." The word refers to the loss of one or more sounds or letters in the interior word.

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ETYMOLOGIES

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Word origins

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EUPHEMISM

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The substitution of a less offensive, less upsetting or less distasteful word for its more direct synonym.

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GREAT VOWEL SHIFT

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A phenomenon studied by Danish linguist Otto Jesperson, that explained how the impact of mass migrations to England after the Black Death introduced various dialects to the language that were later standardized over time. These inclusions made English a challenging language to spell.

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HYPERCORRECTION

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After a speaker is corrected, he or she avoids using the objective case "me" even in situations where it is necessary.

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INDIRECT OBJECT

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Tells to whom (or what or for whom or what,) action was done. If you can mentally insert the word "to" or "for" in front of the noun or pronoun, it is an indirect object.

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MODAL AUXILLARIES

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Include helping verbs such as can, could, may, might, must, ought, shell, should, will and would.

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MORPHOLOGY

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Inflection, derivation, compounding, roots, and affixes; the study of the form of words, from their internal structure to the relationships among words.

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MOTHERESE

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Refers to the way adults and older siblings talk to infants. Sometimes called "babytalk."

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NEGATIVE TRANSFER

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Is using skills from a previously learned behavior or subject but applying them incorrectly to the new subject.

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NOAM CHOMSKY

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An American linguist who theorized that certain rules of grammar are too complex for children to figure out, yet they do. Human beings are genetically endowed with language ability, which can be called "Universal Grammar-UG" or the "Language Acquisition Device-LA".

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NONCOUNT NOUN

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A noun that has only a singular form. You cannot add a number to the front or an "s" to the end of a noncount noun.

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NOUN DETERMINERS

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Words that indicate that a noun follows, such as "the, your, a, an, his, her and their."

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PEJORATION

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Occurs as a word loses positive connotations and/or develops negative connotations over the years.

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PHONEME

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A single basic sound unit in a language.

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PHONOLOGY

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Sound patterns

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PIDGIN

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Is a language that has no native speakers, rather, it is a language that is a hybrid of three or more different languages put together by its speakers for practical reasons.

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PRAGMATICS

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Language function in communicative context; the study of the way language is used and how its content affects it's meaning.

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SEMANTIC MAPPING

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Tapping a student's literacy, using tools such as graphic organizers, starburst diagrams, clusters and Venn diagrams.

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SEMANTICS

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Word and sentence meaning; the study of meaning in language.

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SUBORDINATE CLAUSE

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A subordinate clause-also called a "dependent clause"-will begin with a subordinate conjunction or a relative pronoun and will contain both a subject and verb. This combination of words will not form a complete sentence. It will instead, make a reader want additional information to finish the thought.

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SYNCOPE

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From the Greek, meaning "to strike or cut off." The word refers to the loss of one or more sounds or letters in the interior of a word.

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SYNTAX

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Sentence structures; the study of how words combine to form grammatical sentences.